{
  "author": "Meredith Sheil, Adam Polkinghorne",
  "citations": [
    {
      "raw_text": "De Briyne et al. 2016",
      "authors": "De Briyne et al.",
      "publication_year": 2016,
      "confidence": 0.5
    },
    {
      "raw_text": "Rault et al. 2011",
      "authors": "Rault et al.",
      "publication_year": 2011,
      "confidence": 0.5
    },
    {
      "raw_text": "Wagner et al. 2020",
      "authors": "Wagner et al.",
      "publication_year": 2020,
      "confidence": 0.5
    },
    {
      "raw_text": "Borell et al. 2009",
      "authors": "Borell et al.",
      "publication_year": 2009,
      "confidence": 0.5
    },
    {
      "raw_text": "Sheil and Polkinghorne 2020",
      "authors": "Sheil and Polkinghorne",
      "publication_year": 2020,
      "confidence": 0.5
    }
  ],
  "confidence": 0.9,
  "doc_type": "Review Article",
  "id": 7,
  "language": "English",
  "publication_date": "2021-03-15",
  "source_type": "file",
  "source_uri": "file:///home/pi/welfare_docs/Animals Assured/Research/Pig Castrate/10.23761439-0299-2020-38-Sheil_0.pdf",
  "summary": "There is a growing demand for effective pain mitigation strategies for piglets undergoing surgical castration in commercial pig production. However, efforts to confirm efficacy are hampered by the lack of 'gold-standard' pain measurement methods. Many commonly used methods, such as physiological biomarkers, lack sensitivity and specificity, being easily confounded by handling or tissue trauma. Behavioural responses are often subtle and short-lived. The most reliable methods identified include nociceptive motor and vocal responses during the procedure, targeted direct observation of specific pain-related behaviours, and mechanical sensory testing for hyperalgesia post-procedure. Understanding these methods' strengths and weaknesses is crucial for developing effective pain relief.",
  "title": "Optimal pain indicators for field trial assessment of analgesic efficacy in piglets undergoing surgical castration"
}