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RESEARCHARTICLE Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletcastration-inducedacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva 1 ,MagdielLopez-Soriano ID 2 ,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia 3 ,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade ID 1,3 * 1LaboratoryofAppliedArtificialIntelligenceonHealth,DepartmentofAnesthesiology,BotucatuMedicalSchool,SãoPauloStateUniversity(Unesp),Botucatu,SãoPaulo,Brazil,2ExtensionDepartment,UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,Missouri,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3GlobalProductionAnimalWelfareLaboratory,DepartmentofPopulationHealthandPathobiology,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity(NCSU),Raleigh,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica*pesteve@ncsu.edu,pedro.trindade@unesp.br Abstract

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eofVeterinaryMedicine,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity(NCSU),Raleigh,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica*pesteve@ncsu.edu,pedro.trindade@unesp.br Abstract Behavioralpainscaleshavebeenhelpfulforstandardizedswinepainassessment.How-ever,itisstillunknownifobservers’experienceinfluencesthescalescore.WeconductedapilotstudytoinvestigatehowthreedifferentlevelsofswineexperienceinfluencedhowobserversscoredcastrationpaininpigletsusingUnesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale(UPAPS).WeusedadatabasefromUPAPSscoresfrompigsundergoingsurgi-calcastrationinapreviousstudy.ScoreswereattributedbysixobserverswithLittletonoexperience(n=2),Someexperience(n=2)andExtensiveexperience(n=2).Reliabilitywasestimatedusingtheintraclasscorrelationcoefficient,agreementwasinvestigatedbyBland-Altmananalysis,predictivecapacitywasestimatedusingtheareaunderthecurve(AUC),andstatisticaldifferencesweretestedusingaregressionmodel.Wefoundthatintra-experiencelevelsreliabilityweresatisfactory(Littletono:0.72,Some:0.81,Extensive:0.84),butinter-experiencereliabilitywaslower(0.42).Littletonoexperienceobservershadpooragreementwithotherobservers,withabiastowardunderscoringUPAPS(biasof0.94vs.Some,1.17vs.Extensive).Predictivecapacitywassimilarbetweenallobservers(AUC,Littletono:71.94%,Some:76.10%,Extensive:79.09%,p>0.05).Regressionmodelcon-firmedunderscoringofLittletonoexperienceobservers(mean±standarderror;Littletono:1.09±0.14;Some:2.02±0.23;Extensive:2.25±0.22;p<0.05).Weconcludedthatmini-malexperience,asSomeexperienceobservershaveintheswineindustry,issufficientforthemtoscoreUPAPSinasimilarwaythanmoreexperiencedobservers.ThepresentpilotstudysupportstheenhancementandimplementationofUPAPSonfarmandlaboratoryset-tingsbyminimallyqualifiedobservers,improvingswinewelfareintheshortandlongterm. Introduction

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eenhancementandimplementationofUPAPSonfarmandlaboratoryset-tingsbyminimallyqualifiedobservers,improvingswinewelfareintheshortandlongterm. Introduction Painperceptionisinfluencedbysocial,culturalandindividualfactors,therefore,paindiagno-sisinnon-humananimalsmaybechallenging[1].Behavioralpainscaleshavebeen PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20241/15 a1111111111a1111111111a1111111111a1111111111a1111111111 OPENACCESSCitation:daSilvaGV,Lopez-SorianoM,Pairis-GarciaMD,TrindadePHE(2024)Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletcastration-inducedacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy.PLoSONE19(9):e0309684.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684Editor:EwaTomaszewska,UniversityofLifeSciencesinLublin,POLANDReceived:May17,2024Accepted:August16,2024Published:September4,2024Copyright:©2024Silvaetal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited.DataAvailabilityStatement:ThedatabaseanalyzedduringthisstudyandtheRscriptwerefullyincludedinitsSupportingInformationfiles.Funding:Theauthor(s)receivednospecificfundingforthiswork.Competinginterests:Theauthorshavedeclaredthatnocompetinginterestsexist.

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successfullyimplementedtoreducevariabilityandimproveobjectivityinpaindiagnosis,aswellaspromotegoodanimalwelfareinfarmandlaboratorysettings[2].Whetherraisedforporkproduction[3]orscientificresearch[4],pigsundergopainfulproceduressuchastaildocking,teethresection,surgicalcastration,eartaggingandnotching[5–7].Theseproceduresresultinacutepainexperiencedbypigs,whichcompromisesindividualanimalwelfareandputsintoquestiontheethicalobligationtominimizepainandsufferingexperiencedbyani-malsinourcareandresponsibility[8].TheUnesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale(UPAPS)wasdevelopedfordiagnos-ingpaininweanedandpre-weanedpigletsundergoingsurgicalcastration[9,10].Sinceitsdevelopment,UPAPShasbeenusedtodiagnosepainandevaluateanalgesicdrugefficacy[11,12]andwasconsideredtheonlyscalewithhighvalidationevidencetoassessacutepaininswine[2].Althoughofgreatimportance,allbehavioralscales,includingtheUPAPS,aresus-ceptibletosomesubjectivityduetoobservers’individualexperiences[13].TheUPAPSwasinitiallydevelopedandvalidatedbyseniorresearcherswithextensiveexperienceinpainassessment,however,inareal-worldscenario,pigpainwilllikelybediagnosedbycaretakersorproducerswithlimitedtonoformalpainassessmenttrainingandexperience.Thisphe-nomenonhasbeendocumentedinpreviousworkassessingpainincatsusingobserverswithdifferingbackgrounds[13]documentingdifferencesbetweenobservers.Scaledesign,observ-ers’respondingstrategies,orfamiliaritywiththespeciesmayallbefactorsinwhyobserversassesspaindifferently[14].Gaininginsightsintothesedifferencesfromtheswineperspectiveisimportantnotonlytoensurepaininpigsisappropriatelyassessed,butalsorefiningorreducingUPAPScomplexityisnecessaryfordifferentexperiencelevels.However,todatetherearenopublicationsaddressinghowUPAPSscoreswoulddifferfromobserverswithlittleexperiencecomparedwiththemoreexperiencedones.Hence,theobjectiveofthispilotstudywastoinvestigateifthreedifferentlevelsofswineexperience(noexperience,some,extensive)caninfluenceobserverstoscoresurgicalcastrationpaininpigletsusingUPAPS.Wefoundthatobserverswithlessthanthreemonthsofexperienceintheswineindustryunderscorepaininpiglets.

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verstoscoresurgicalcastrationpaininpigletsusingUPAPS.Wefoundthatobserverswithlessthanthreemonthsofexperienceintheswineindustryunderscorepaininpiglets. Methods ThepresentstudywasapprovedbytheInstitutionalAnimalCareandUseCommitteeofNorthCarolinaStateUniversity(#20–113).AllpigletswerehandledfollowingtheGuidefortheCareandUseofAgriculturalAnimalinResearchandTeaching[15]andallpigletsunder-goingcastrationreceivedpainmanagementbeforetheprocedure.Datacollectedforthisstudywaspartofalargerproject[12],thuscontributingtothefourR’sofanimalexperimentation[16,17].ReportingisinaccordancewiththeARRIVEguidelines[18]. Animals,housingconditionsandsurgicalcastration Atotalof29LargeWhitexDuroccrossmalepiglets(15litters,approximately2pigletsperlit-ter)wereenrolledinthestudy.Housingconditionsandcompletesurgicalcastrationproce-duredescriptioncanbefoundinthepreviouslypublishedstudy[12]. Painassessment Whole-bodybehaviorwasfilmedcontinuouslyfor4minatthreetimepoints.Timepointswerechosentoaccountforthreelevelsofpainseverityexpressedaspreviouslydescribed[9,10].Timepointsincluded:1hbeforecastration(pain-free),immediatelyaftercastration(severepain),and3hpost-castration(mildtomoderatepain)[9–12].Videorecordswereobtainedusingahigh-definitioncamera(SonyHDR-CX4051;NewYork,NY,USA)placedonatripod Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20242/15

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approximately30cmfromthecrateata122-cmheight.Atotalof177videoswereobtained(29pertimepoint),348minintotal,withouteditingvideoclips.TheUPAPSiscomposedofmultiplebehavioralresponsesusedtodiagnoseandquantifypain.TheUPAPSwaspreviouslyvalidatedinpiglets[10]usingfivebehavioralitemsspecifictoposture,interactionandinterestinthesurroundings,activity,attentiontotheaffectedareaandmiscellaneousbehaviors.Thesebehavioralitemsaredescriptiveandcomposedoffourscorelevels:‘0’(normalbehavior),and‘1’,‘2’or‘3’,accordingtothepresenceofpain-relatedbehaviors(Table1).Individualitemswerescoredandtotalpainscoreswerecalculatedbysummingthefivebehavioralitemsintoonetotalscoreperpigletbytimepoint(0–15). Observersexperience Painassessmentwasperformedbysixobserverswiththreelevelsofexperience,classifiedas(i)Littletonoexperience:observerswithalmostnoworkonfarmorresearchexperiencewithpigs(n=2);(ii)Someexperience:observerswithlessthanoneyearoffarmorresearchexperi-encewithpigs(n=2);and(iii)Extensiveexperience:observerswithmorethanayearoffarmorresearchexperiencewithpigs(n=2).LittletonoexperienceandSomeexperienceobserverswererecruitedthroughaveterinarysummerscholarsresearchprogramattheNorthCarolinaStateUniversity.AllobserversunderwenttrainingforscoringontheUPAPS,providedbyoneoftheobserverswithExtensiveexperience.Duringtraining,thetrainerprovidedvideoexam-ples,definitions,anddescriptionsofeachbehavior,andtraineeswererequiredtoscore20maskedvideosofpigletsinpainfulandpainfreestates(10videosofeach). Statisticalanalysis

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ons,anddescriptionsofeachbehavior,andtraineeswererequiredtoscore20maskedvideosofpigletsinpainfulandpainfreestates(10videosofeach). Statisticalanalysis DatawereanalyzedusingRsoftwarewithintheintegratedRStudioenvironment[19](Version4.2.2;RStudio,Inc.,Boston,MA,USA).Functionsandpackagesusedwerepresentedintheformat’package::function’correspondingtothecomputerprogramminglanguageinR.Asig-nificanceof5%wasconsideredforallinferencetests.Apaletteofcolorsdistinguishablebypeoplewithcommonformsofcolorblindnesswasusedinallfigures(ggplot2::scale_colour_viridis_d).Intraclasscorrelationcoefficient(ICC),two-wayrandomeffectsmodel,typeagreementmultipleobservers,andits95%confidenceinterval(CI)(irr::icc)wereusedtoevaluatetheinter-observer,inter-groupandintra-groupreliabilityoftheUPAPStotalsumforexperiencelevelgroups(Littletonoexperience,Someexperience,andExtensiveexperience).Theinter-pretationofICCwasasfollows:verygood:0.81–1.0;good:0.61–0.80;moderate:0.41–0.60;reasonable:0.21–0.4;andpoor 0.2[20].Bland-Altmantestforrepeatedmeasures[21]andLin’sconcordancecorrelationcoefficient(CCC)[22](SimplyAgree::agree_reps)wereusedtoverifytheagreementofUPAPStotalsumassessedbyeachexperiencelevelgroup,asproposedpreviously[23].AstherewerethreegroupsandBland-Altmananalysisonlyallowspairwisecomparisons,itwasrequiredthreeanalysestoevaluatetheagreementbetweenallthreepossiblecombinations.Bland-Altmananalysisissuitablefordetectingbiasreferringtothedifferencebetweentwoexperiencelevelgroups[21].Inaddition,theBland-Altmananalysisprovidesthelimitofagreement(LoA),whichindicatestheexpectedrangewheremostdifferencesbetweenexperiencelevelgroupsshouldoccur[21].Asimplelinearregression(stats::lm)wasconductedtoanalyzethepropor-tionalbiasbetweenexperiencelevels[24].Proportionalbiasrepresentsanincreaseinthedif-ferencebetweenexperiencelevelgroupsevaluatedathigherorlowerUPAPStotalsum.ThedifferenceintheUPAPStotalsumbetweentwoexperiencelevelgroupswasusedasaresponsevariable,andtheaverageoftheUPAPStotalsumbetweenthetwogroupswasusedasan

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ThedifferenceintheUPAPStotalsumbetweentwoexperiencelevelgroupswasusedasaresponsevariable,andtheaverageoftheUPAPStotalsumbetweenthetwogroupswasusedasan Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20243/15

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explanatoryvariable.Threesimplelinearregressionswererequiredtocoverforthethreepos-siblecombinationsbetweenthethreeexperiencelevelgroups.TheheteroskedasticityofthelinearmodelwastestedwiththeBreuschPagantest(olsrr::ols_test_breusch_pagan).Multilevelnegativebinomialmodeling(lme4::glmer.nb)wasemployedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceoftimepointandexperiencelevel(explanatoryvariables)onUPAPStotalscore

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ilevelnegativebinomialmodeling(lme4::glmer.nb)wasemployedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceoftimepointandexperiencelevel(explanatoryvariables)onUPAPStotalscore Table1.DescriptionandtutorialvideosforeachbehavioralresponseoftheUnesp-BotucatuPigCompositePainScale(UPAPS)system[9,10].ItemScoreScore/criterionLinkstovideosPosture0Normal(anyposition,apparentcomfort,relaxedmuscles)orsleepinghttps://youtu.be/QSosCD2SD4E1Changesposture,withdiscomforthttps://youtu.be/SpaWsFCrPxE2Changesposture,withdiscomfort,andprotectstheaffectedareahttps://youtu.be/VjSlsRrG8yA3Quiet,tense,andbackarchedhttps://youtu.be/pm4hJ5163aoInteractionandinterestinthesurroundings0Interactswithotheranimals;interestedinthesurroundingsorsleepinghttps://youtu.be/-880STgYq2I1Onlyinteractsifstimulatedbyotheranimals;interestedinthesurroundings.https://youtu.be/nXjOdwn3dyw2Occasionallymovesawayfromtheotheranimals,butacceptsapproaches;showslittleinterestinthesurroundingshttps://youtu.be/2k2JDr5U6As3Movesorrunsawayfromotheranimalsanddoesnotallowapproaches;disinterestedinthesurroundingshttps://youtu.be/se70oYXcWFwActivity0Movesnormallyorsleepinghttps://youtu.be/cC75t7L5-YA1Moveswithlessfrequencyhttps://youtu.be/lQo9wq8LAn82Movesconstantly,restlesshttps://youtu.be/YQRJjijLvpk3Reluctanttomoveordoesnotmovehttps://youtu.be/Zyx0G3Wpt8oAttentiontotheaffectedareaA.Elevatespelviclimboralternatesthesupportofthepelviclimbhttps://youtu.be/UD99ftO7HE0B.Scratchesorrubsthepainfulareahttps://youtu.be/7idfFk1harEC.Movesand/orrunsawayand/orjumpsafterinjuryoftheaffectedareahttps://youtu.be/u-Pqubom278D.Sitswithdifficultyhttps://youtu.be/ETNEOCVV4h00Alltheabovebehaviorsareabsent1Presenceofoneoftheabovebehaviors2Presenceoftwooftheabovebehaviors3PresenceofthreeoralltheabovebehaviorsMiscellaneousbehaviorsA.Wagstailcontinuouslyandintenselyhttps://youtu.be/pU5dGZFNRHcB.Bitesthebarsorobjectshttps://youtu.be/cF3dsq7gMtkC.Theheadisbelowthelineofthespinalcolumn.https://youtu.be/ZcIgngclRpID.Presentsdifficultyinovercomingobstacles(example:anotheranimal)https://youtu.be/HlvdOI3lGuY0Alltheabovebehaviorsareabsent1Presenceofoneoftheabovebehaviors2Presenceoftwooftheabovebehaviors3Presenceofthreeoralltheabovebehaviorshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.t001

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esenceofoneoftheabovebehaviors2Presenceoftwooftheabovebehaviors3Presenceofthreeoralltheabovebehaviorshttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.t001 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20244/15

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(responsevariable).Thebestcombinationoffixedandrandomeffectswereidentifiedaccord-ingtothelowestBayesianinformationcriterion(stats::BIC)usingpreliminarymodels.Best-fitpreliminarymodeldidnotconsidertheinteractionbetweenpredictivevariables,inotherwords,thedynamicoftheUPAPStotalsumforeachexperiencelevelgroupwassameforalltimepoints.Pigletsnestedwithineachlitterwereconsideredasrandomeffects.Bonferronicorrectionwasusedforadjustingthemultiplecomparisonsinthepost-hoctest(lsmeans::lsmeansandmultcomp::cld).Multilevelbinomialmodeling(lme4::glmer)wasemployedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofexperiencelevelgroup(explanatoryvariable)onUPAPSbehaviorsasdummyvariables(bino-mialresponsevariable).DummyvariableswerecreatedusingfastDummies::dummy_columnsforeachscorelevel.Forexample:Postureitemwastransformedintofouritems:Posture0,Posture1,Posture2andPosture3,andeachoneofthemwasabinaryvariableof‘0’,forwhenthescoreisnotgiven,and‘1’,forwhenthescoreisgiven.Bonferronicorrectionwasalsousedforadjustingthemultiplecomparisonsinthepost-hoctest(lsmeans::lsmeansandmultcomp::cld).Receiveroperatingcharacteristic(ROC)curvewasfittedtoinvestigateexperiencelevelgroupsdiscriminativecapacities.ResponsevariablewasCondition,anewbinaryvariablethatassumed‘0’whentheassessmentwasperformedinavideorecordedat1hbeforecastration(nopain)and‘1’whentheassessmentwasperformedinavideorecordedimmediatelyaftercastration(severepain),similarasconductedpreviously[10,25].The3hpost-castrationtime-pointwasnotconsideredinthisanalysis.ExplanatoryvariablewasUPAPStotalsum.ROCcurveswerethenusedtoestimateareaunderthecurve(AUC),sensitivityandspecificity.AUCwerecomparedstatisticallyusingDeLongtest. ResultsReliability

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talsum.ROCcurveswerethenusedtoestimateareaunderthecurve(AUC),sensitivityandspecificity.AUCwerecomparedstatisticallyusingDeLongtest. ResultsReliability Overallinter-observerreliabilitywas“verygood”,intra-experiencelevelreliabilitywas“good”and“verygood”andinter-experiencelevelreliabilitywas“moderate”(Table2).Scoredistribu-tionofeachobserverispresentedinFig1A. UPAPStotalsummodeling ParametersofthenegativebinomialmodelingarepresentedinS1Table.IntheBonferronipost-hoctest,LittletonoexperiencelevelassessedalowerUPAPStotalsumthanSomeexperi-enceandExtensiveexperiencelevel(Fig1B).Post-hocanalysisalsoconfirmedthatahigher Table2.Observers’reliabilityonscoringUPAPStotalsum.ReliabilityICCp-valueOverallinter-observer0.91(0.88–0.94)<0.001Inter-experiencelevel0.42(0.25–0.55)<0.001Intra-extensiveexperience0.84(0.75–0.89)<0.001Intra-someexperience0.81(0.70–0.87)<0.001Intra-littletonoexperience0.72(0.57–0.82)<0.001UPAPS:Unesp-Botucatupigcompositeacutepainscale;ICC:Intraclasscorrelationcoefficient;Interpretationofreliability:verygood0.81–1.0;good0.61–0.80;moderate0.41–0.60;reasonable0.21–0.40;poor<0.20.Boldtypecorrespondstovalues 0.61[14].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.t002 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20245/15

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UPAPStotalsumwaspresentimmediatelypost-castration,followedby3hpost-castrationandlowervalues1hbeforecastrationconsideringallobserverlevels(S1Fig). Bland-Altmananalysis Bland-Altmananalysisincludedthreeagreementassessments:LittletonoexperiencevsSomeexperience(Fig2),LittletonoexperiencevsExtensiveexperience(Fig3)andSomeexperiencevsExtensiveexperience(Fig4).Allthreehadahighbias,combinedwithanunbalancedlimitofagreementbetweenLittletonoexperienceandotherexperiencelevels(Table3).Thecon-cordancecorrelationcoefficientwashigherintheagreementbetweenSomeexperiencevsExtensiveexperience(0.72),andlowerbetweenLittletonoexperiencevsExtensiveexperience(0.44).Agreementbeyondthelimitofagreementrangedfrom9.20to17.82%inallagreements(Table3).OnlyagreementswithLittletonoexperiencelevelshowedproportionalbias(p<0.001,S2Table),andallthreeagreementshadheteroskedasticity(p<0.001,S2Table). Fig1.ObserversscoringonUPAPStotalsum.(A)OverallobserversscoringonUPAPStotalsumboxplotacrossexperiencelevels.(B)UPAPStotalscorebydifferentlevelsofexperience:littletonoexperience,someexperienceandextensiveexperience.(Lettersindicatestatisticaldifferences(p<0.05)foundintheBonferronipost-hoctest(a>b).UPAPS:Unesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.g001 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20246/15

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dobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20246/15 Predictivecapacityofexperiencelevels ExtensiveexperiencehadthegreaterAUCof79.09%,comparedto71.94%and76.10%fromLittletonoexperienceandSomeexperience,respectively(Table4).Sensitivityincreasesalongwithexperiencelevel.Specificitywasgreaterthan91%inallthreeexperiencelevels.AllAUCcombinationshadnosignificant(p>0.05)differencebasedonDeLongtest. UPAPSbehaviorsmodeling ParametersofthemultilevelbinomialregressionforeachUPAPSbehaviorwerepresentedinS2Table.Post-hocanalysisshowedexperienceleveldifferencesforeachUPAPSbehavior(S3Table).Whencomparingobserverexperiencetospecificsubitemsinthescale,Posture1wasiden-tifiedandscoredmostbyobserverswithintheLittletonoexperiencecategory,followedbyobserverswithSomeexperienceandExtensiveexperience(Fig5).Posture3,Interaction1,Activity0,andHeadbelowthelineofthespinalcolumn(Miscellaneousbehavior)werescoredlessfrequentlybyobserverswithLittletonoexperiencecomparedwiththeothertwolevels. Fig2.Bland-AltmanplotofUPAPStotalsumassignedbyLittletonoexperiencevsSomeexperienceobservers.Solidlinesrepresentbias,dashedlinesrepresentthelowerandupperlimitofagreement,dottedlinesrepresentthe95%and90%confidenceintervalsforbiasandlowerandupperlimitofagreement,respectively.Greenlinerepresentsthesimplelinearregressionline.UPAPS:Unesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.g002 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20247/15

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dobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20247/15 Interaction0(normalinteraction),andanabsenceofbehaviorsscoredwithintheattentiontotheaffectedareaandmiscellaneouscategorywasmorecommonforobserverswithLittletonoexperienceandSomeexperiencecomparedtoExtensiveexperience.WagstailcontinuouslyandintenselywasscoredthemostbyobserverswithintheExtensiveexperiencecategory. Discussion Advancingpainassessmentinswineisanimportantcomponentforsafeguardinganimalwel-fareforlivestockusedinresearchandfarmsettings[8,26].TheUnesp-BotucatuPigCompos-iteAcutePainScale(UPAPS)isthefirstvalidatedpainscaleusedtomeasurepaininpre-weanedpigletsusingbehavioralassessmentsscoredbyobserverswithextensivespecies-spe-cificexperience[9,10].However,todatetherearenopublicationsaddressinghowUPAPSscoreswoulddifferfromobserverswithlittleexperiencecomparedwiththemoreexperiencedones.Therefore,theobjectiveofthispilotstudywastoinvestigatehowthreedifferentlevelsofswineexperience(noexperience,some,extensive)influencedhowobserversscoredcastrationpaininpigletsusingUPAPS. Fig3.Bland-AltmanplotofUPAPStotalsumassignedbyLittletonoexperiencevsExtensiveexperienceobservers.Solidlinesrepresentbias,dashedlinesrepresentthelowerandupperlimitofagreement,dottedlinesrepresentthe95%and90%confidenceintervalsforbiasandlowerandupperlimitofagreement,respectively.Purplelinerepresentsthesimplelinearregressionline.UPAPS:Unesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.g003 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20248/15

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dobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20248/15 Fig4.Bland-AltmanplotofUPAPStotalsumassignedbySomeexperiencevsExtensiveexperience.Solidlinesrepresentbias,dashedlinesrepresentthelowerandupperlimitofagreement,dottedlinesrepresentthe95%and90%confidenceintervalsforbiasandlowerandupperlimitofagreement,respectively.Yellowlinerepresentsthesimplelinearregressionline.UPAPS:Unesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.g004 Table3.Bland-Altmananalysesforthethreepossiblecombinationsforallexperiencelevels.EstimatesExperiencelevelgroupsLittletonoexperiencevsSomeexperienceLittletonoexperiencevsExtensiveexperienceSomeexperiencevsExtensiveexperienceBias(95%CI)0.94(0.55–1.32)1.17(0.76–1.57)0.23(-0.02–0.47)LowerLoA(90%CI)-2.39(-2.80--2.06)-2.39(-2.80--2.06)-3.92(-4.33--3.59)UpperLoA(90%CI)4.27(3.94–4.67)4.72(4.39–5.13)4.38(4.05–4.79)CCC(95%CI)0.53(0.40–0.64)0.44(0.31–0.55)0.72(0.63–0.78)LevelsofagreementPerfect(%)40.2341.9542.53WithinLoA(%)45.9840.2348.28BeyondLoA(%)13.7917.829.20CI:Confidenceinterval;LoA:Limitofagreement;CCC:Concordancecorrelationcoefficient.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.t003 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20249/15

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dobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,20249/15 Table4.Experiencelevelspredictivecapacityonpainfulandpainfreeconditionsbasedontimepoints.ExperiencelevelgroupsAUC(95%CI)Sensitivity(95%CI)Specificity(95%CI)Littletonoexperience71.94(63.48–80.40)46.55(32.76–60.34)100.00(100.00–100.00)Someexperience76.10(67.55–84.65)60.34(43.10–72.41)91.38(82.76–98.28)Extensiveexperience79.09(70.62–87.56)63.79(50.00–75.86)96.55(87.93–100.00)AUC:Areaunderthereceiveroperatingcharacteristiccurve.CI:Confidenceinterval;Painfreeconditionwasconsidered3hbeforecastrationtimepoint,andpainfulconditionwasconsideredimmediatelyaftercastrationtimepoint,annotatedas‘0’and‘1’forabinomialresponsevariable,respectivelyhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.t004 Fig5.UPAPSscoresproportionsalongexperiencelevelgroupsforUPAPSitems.(A)Posture,(B)Interaction,(C)Activity,(D)Attentionand(E)Miscellaneousitems.UPAPS:Unesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684.g005 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,202410/15

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Inthecurrentstudy,threeexperiencelevelswereevaluatedforassessingpainbehaviorincastratedpiglets.Duringanalyzingallsixobserverscombinedandcomparingpairedobserverswithinexperiencelevels,theintraclasscorrelationcoefficient(ICC)demonstrateda“verygood”reliability[14].Theseresultsaresimilartopreviousworkdemonstrating“good”and“verygood”ICCswhencomparingpainassessmentbetweendifferentobservergroupssuchascatowners,veterinarians,veterinarystudents,nursesandcatcaregiversusingtheFelineGri-maceScale[27–29].Itwasalreadyexpected,aspreviousstudiesusingUPAPSalsodemon-stratedsatisfactoryinter-observerreliability[9,10,12].Incontrasttothegoodintra-experiencereliabilityinourstudy,inter-experienceacrossdifferentexperiencelevelsdemon-stratedonlya“moderate”reliability,suggestingpainassessmentanddiagnosiswereinfluencedbytheobservers’experiencelevelwithswine.Thisislikelyduetoadilutioneffectofvariancewhencomparingallsixobserverssimultaneously[30].Thevariabilitywhencomparingsixobserversatthesametimemaybemaskingthedisagreementbetweenobservers.Inordertomoreappropriatelyaddressthisvariation,aregressionmodelandBland-Altmananalysiswereconductedtofurtherinvestigatethedata.WhencomparingpainassessmentbetweenexperiencelevelsusingaregressionmodelandBland-Altmananalysis,LittletonoexperienceobserversunderscoredUPAPSanddem-onstratedhigherbias(greaterthanonepoint)[28]andtendedtodemonstrategreaterpro-portionalbiascomparedtothetwootherexperiencelevels[21].ThiswasincontrasttoapreviousstudythatobservedminimalbiaswhencomparingagreementoftheFelineGri-maceScalebetweencatowners,veterinarians,veterinarystudentsandnurses[28].Inaddi-tiontothebias,thelimitofagreement(LoA),whichwasinterpretedinrelationtotheanalgesicthreshold[31,32],wasunbalancedwhencomparingLittletonoexperienceobserverstoSomeandExtensiveexperienceobservers.Applyingthisinterpretationtoourresults,theLoAofthelittletonoexperienceobserversspannedbeyondtheUPAPSoptimalcut-offpointofascoreequalsto4[9,10]and,ifusedinaclinicalorfarmsettingscouldmakepaindiagnosismoredifficult,particularlyforpigletsscoringaroundthecut-offpoint.Inallcomparisons,LoAspannedfour,thusindicatingthatdiagnosisaroundthecut-offpointwasuncertainbetweentheexperiencelevels.However,wheninterpretingLoAinagreementwithproportionalbias,itwasthoughtthatLoAshouldbehyperbolicratherthanlinear,thatwas,LoAwaswiderinthebeginningandattheendofthescalepoints,butnar-rowedinthemiddle,wheretherewasacut-offpoint.DeviationsinpainassessmentscoresbyLittletonoexperienceobserverscouldalsobedemonstratedbychangesintheROCcurveusedtoestimatepredictivecapacity.AlthoughallexperiencelevelshadstatisticallyequivalentAUC,sensitivityofLittletonoexperienceobserv-erswaslowerthantheotherexperiencelevelsand,inafarmsetting,wouldresultedin13–17%ofpigletsbeingmisdiagnosedaspain-free(falsenegative).Theresultsofthisstudywereincontrastwithpreviousworkthatconsistentlydemonstratedthatlessexperiencedobservers(i.e.undergraduatestudents,youngerveterinariansandrecentgraduatestudents)typicallyreportedhigherpainratingsandindicatorsforanalgesicusecomparedtomoreexperiencedprofessionals[33]incattle[34–38],dogs[39,40]andcats[40].Inourstudy,Littletonoexperienceobservershadlessthanthreemonthsofexperienceworkingwithpigsandthesedifferencesmaybeattributedtothefactthatthisstudywasevalu-atingexperiencelevelswiththespeciesandnotcomparingprofessionalexpertiseorskill.Lessexperiencedobserverslikestudentsandearlycareerveterinarianswouldstilllikelyhadexten-siveexperienceworkingwithorcaringfordogs,cats,horsesand/orcattlecomparedtothelim-itedculturalandlogisticalopportunitiestointeractwithpigsintheUnitedStates,thehomecountryoftheobserversinthepresentstudy.Pigsarenotoftenconsideredpetsorcompanionanimalsandopportunitiestointeractandobservepigs’behaviorarelimited.Therefore,

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yoftheobserversinthepresentstudy.Pigsarenotoftenconsideredpetsorcompanionanimalsandopportunitiestointeractandobservepigs’behaviorarelimited.Therefore, Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,202411/15

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comparingtheresultsfromthisstudytopreviousworkmightnotbeappropriate,givennon-formalexperiencewithpreviouslyassessedspecieswasnotaddressed.Ontheotherhand,theresultsfromthecurrentstudyweresimilartoworkevaluatingpainbehaviorsinratsusingtheRatGrimaceScale.Observerswithnoexperienceunderscoredpainbehaviorscomparedtoexperiencedprofessionals[41],and,asdiscussedearlier,maybeassoci-atedwithlimitedcasualorinformalinteractionwithrats.Futureworkshouldtakeintoaccounthowpainassessmentinpigswasinfluencedbeyondexperience,andbetterunderstandthesocialandculturalfactorsthatinfluenceourrelationshipsandexposuretotheanimalsweareassessing[1].Differencesbetweenexperiencelevelsmayalsobeattributedtoscaledesign.TheUPAPSisaquestionnaireassessmentthatneedssomelevelofsubjectiveinterpretationbytheobserver[42].Fromanethologicalhierarchy[43]standpoint,thescalecomprisesbehaviorsmoreandlesscomplex,whichinadditiontothescalelength,mayhadreflectedinlessexperiencedobserversmissingbehaviors.ThiswasdemonstratedbyLittletonoexperienceobserverstend-ingtoscoreloweronMiscellaneousitem,whichrequiredattentiontoandinterpretationofmultiplebehaviorsatonce.Inaddition,satisficingisatypeofrespondingbiasthatoccurswhenrespondentspreferablyselectthefirstoptionsandaremorelikelytopaylessattentiontothelatteroptions[44].SatisficingwouldpromoteunderscoringaswasfoundforLittletonoexperienceobserversandidentifyingwaystominimizethisbiasbysimplifyingthescalesisneeded.Recentworkfromourlab[25,45]suggeststhatnotallbehavioralitemsareequallyweightedandthedisplayofkeybehaviorssuchasWagstailandPosture1,behaviorsthatwefounddifferencesamongexperiencelevels,wereimportanttoaccuratelyidentifypainstates.Limitationsofthisstudyalsoincludedsomeaspectsoftheexperiencelevels.Becausetrain-ingwasprovidedbyanexperiencedobserver,ouranalysiscanonlycompareifalessexperi-encedobserverwasabletoassessmoreorlessliketheexperiencedobservers,however,thereisnoconsensusifnaiveevaluationsarebetterorworsethanthosefromexperiencedones.Thus,thenaivenesshypothesiscouldbefurthertestedinanexperimentwithouttraining.Anotherlimitationwasthelownumberofobserversineachexperiencelevel,whichcanbequiteindi-vidual.Althoughweassumedaclearcriteriontoclassifytheobservers’experience,inareal-lifescenario,thetypesandintensitiesofmonthsofexperienceintheswineindustrywoulddif-ferforeachobserver.Inaddition,observers’generalknowledge,age,andpersonalitycancon-tributetoindividualvariation.Thiswasapilotstudythatintendedtoexploretheobservers’experienceinthepigacutepainassessmentcontextandcanbeconsideredaproposalforresearchmethodology.Alargersamplesizewouldbebeneficialforestimatingdifferencesandaddressingdiversebackgrounds,culturalandsocialaspectsinfuturestudies.

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researchmethodology.Alargersamplesizewouldbebeneficialforestimatingdifferencesandaddressingdiversebackgrounds,culturalandsocialaspectsinfuturestudies. Conclusion Observerswithlessthanthreemonthsofexperienceintheswineindustrydonotassesspigs’acutepainresponseusingUPAPSbehaviorsinanequivalentmannertoexperiencedobserv-ers.However,Someexperience(3–12monthsexperienceworkingwithpigs)wouldpermitequivalentpainassessmentanddiagnosiscomparedtothosewithextensiveexperience.Thedevelopmentandrefinementofbehavioralscalestoassessacutepainshouldbedesignedandapplicablebyuserswithvariousbackgrounds.Beginner-friendlyorlesscomplexscalecouldenhancetheimplementationofacutepainmonitoringinfarmandlaboratorysettings. Supportinginformation S1Fig.UPAPSscore1hbeforecastration,immediatelypostcastrationand3hpostcastra-tion.(Lettersindicatestatisticaldifferences(p<0.05)foundintheBonferronipost-hoctest Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,202412/15

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(a>b>c).UPAPS:Unesp-BotucatuPigCompositeAcutePainScale).(DOCX)S1Table.UPAPSscoremodelingusingnegativebinomialmultilevelregression.(DOCX)S2Table.LinearregressionmodelparametersfordeterminingproportionalbiasandBreuschPagantestforheteroskedasticity.(DOCX)S3Table.UPAPSbehaviorsmeans±standarderrorsofthemeansacrossexperiencelevels.(DOCX)S1Appendix.Datasetusedforthisstudy.(CSV)S2Appendix.ScriptinRprogramminglanguageusedfortheanalysesinthisstudy.(DOCX) AuthorContributions Conceptualization:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MagdielLopez-Soriano,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Datacuration:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Formalanalysis:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva.Investigation:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Methodology:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MagdielLopez-Soriano,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Projectadministration:MagdielLopez-Soriano.Supervision:PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Visualization:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MagdielLopez-Soriano,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Writing–originaldraft:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MagdielLopez-Soriano,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade.Writing–review&editing:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MagdielLopez-Soriano,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade. References

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evesTrindade.Writing–review&editing:GustavoVenaˆnciodaSilva,MagdielLopez-Soriano,MoniqueDaniellePairis-Garcia,PedroHenriqueEstevesTrindade. References 1.RobinsonCL,PhungA,DominguezM,RemottiE,RicciardelliR,MomahDU,etal.PainScales:WhatAreTheyandWhatDoTheyMean.CurrPainHeadacheRep.2024Jan1;28(1):11–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-023-01195-2PMID:380601022.TomacheuskiRM,MonteiroBP,EvangelistaMC,LunaSPL,SteagallPV.Measurementpropertiesofpainscoringinstrumentsinfarmanimals:AsystematicreviewusingtheCOSMINchecklist.PLoSOne.2023Jan20;18(1):e0280830.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280830PMID:366628133.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.MeatMarketReview—Emergingtrendsandoutlook2022.4.BergenWG.Pigs(SusScrofa)inBiomedicalResearch.AdvExpMedBiol.2022;1354:335–43.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_17PMID:34807450 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,202413/15

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detectionandameliorationinanimalsonthefarm:issuesandoptions.JApplAnimWelfSci.2005;8(4):261–78.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0804_3PMID:16436030 Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,202414/15

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27.EvangelistaMC,WatanabeR,LeungVSY,MonteiroBP,O’TooleE,PangDSJ,etal.Facialexpres-sionsofpainincats:thedevelopmentandvalidationofaFelineGrimaceScale.SciRep.2019Dec13;9(1):19128.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55693-8PMID:3183686828.EvangelistaMC,SteagallPV.AgreementandreliabilityoftheFelineGrimaceScaleamongcatowners,veterinarians,veterinarystudentsandnurses.SciRep.2021Mar4;11(1):5262.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84696-7PMID:3366438729.MonteiroBP,LeeNH,SteagallPV.CancatcaregiversreliablyassessacutepainincatsusingtheFelineGrimaceScale?Alargebilingualglobalsurvey.JournalofFelineMedicineandSurgery.2023Jan1;25(1):1098612X221145499.https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X221145499PMID:3664908930.LiljequistD,ElfvingB,RoaldsenKS.Intraclasscorrelation–Adiscussionanddemonstrationofbasicfeatures.PLOSONE.2019Jul22;14(7):e0219854.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219854PMID:3132961531.LeungV,ZhangE,PangDS.Real-timeapplicationoftheRatGrimaceScaleasawelfarerefinementinlaboratoryrats.SciRep.2016Aug17;6:31667.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31667PMID:2753082332.EvangelistaMC,BenitoJ,MonteiroBP,WatanabeR,DoodnaughtGM,PangDSJ,etal.Clinicalappli-cabilityoftheFelineGrimaceScale:real-timeversusimagescoringandtheinfluenceofsedationandsurgery.PeerJ.2020Apr14;8:e8967.https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8967PMID:3232244533.RaekallioM,HeinonenKM,KuussaariJ,VainioO.PainAlleviationinAnimals:AttitudesandPracticesofFinnishVeterinarians.TheVeterinaryJournal.2003Mar1;165(2):131–5.https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00186-7PMID:1257360134.HuxleyJN,WhayHR.Currentattitudesofcattlepractitionerstopainandtheuseofanalgesicsincattle.VeterinaryRecord.2006;159(20):662–8.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.20.662PMID:1709917435.LavenR,HuxleyJ,WhayH,StaffordK.ResultsofasurveyofattitudesofdairyveterinariansinNewZealandregardingpainfulproceduresandconditionsincattle.NewZealandVeterinaryJournal.2009Aug1;57(4):215–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2009.36904PMID:1964901536.ThomsenPT,GidekullM,HerskinMS,HuxleyJN,PedersenAR,RanheimB,etal.Scandinavianbovinepractitioners’attitudestotheuseofanalgesicsincattle.VeterinaryRecord.2010Aug;167(7):256–8.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c3851PMID:2071003437.ThomsenPT,AnnebergI,HerskinMS.Differencesinattitudesoffarmersandveterinarianstowardspainindairycows.TheVeterinaryJournal.2012Oct1;194(1):94–7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.025PMID:2251692138.MoodyCM,NielL,PangDJ.IstrainingnecessaryforefficacioususeoftheGlasgowFelineCompositeMeasurePainScale?CanVetJ.2022Jun;63(6):609–16.PMID:3565652539.BarlettaM,YoungCN,QuandtJE,HofmeisterEH.Agreementbetweenveterinarystudentsandanes-thesiologistsregardingpostoperativepainassessmentindogs.VeterinaryAnaesthesiaandAnalgesia.2016Jan1;43(1):91–8.https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12269PMID:2592001140.DoodnaughtGM,BenitoJ,MonteiroBP,BeauchampG,GrassoSC,SteagallPV.Agreementamongundergraduateandgraduateveterinarystudentsandveterinaryanesthesiologistsonpainassessmentincatsanddogs:Apreliminarystudy.CanVetJ.2017Aug;58(8):805–8.PMID:2876118441.ZhangEQ,LeungVS,PangDS.InfluenceofRaterTrainingonInter-andIntraraterReliabilityWhenUsingtheRatGrimaceScale.JAmAssocLabAnimSci.2019Mar;58(2):178–83.https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000044PMID:3075529142.KrosnickJA.Responsestrategiesforcopingwiththecognitivedemandsofattitudemeasuresinsur-veys.AppliedCognitivePsychology.1991;5(3):213–36.43.DawkinsR.Hierarchicalorganisation:Acandidateprincipleforethology.In:Growingpointsinethology.Oxford,England:CambridgeUPress;1976.44.SimonHA.Modelsofman;socialandrational.Oxford,England:Wiley;1957.xiv,287p.(Modelsofman;socialandrational).45.TrindadePHE,deArau´joAL,LunaSPL.Weightedpain-relatedbehaviorsinpigsundergoingcastrationbasedonmultilevellogisticregressionalgorithm.AppliedAnimalBehaviourScience.2023Jul18;106002.

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PL.Weightedpain-relatedbehaviorsinpigsundergoingcastrationbasedonmultilevellogisticregressionalgorithm.AppliedAnimalBehaviourScience.2023Jul18;106002. Lessexperiencedobserversassesspigletacutepaindifferentlythanexperiencedobservers:Apilotstudy PLOSONE|https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309684September4,202415/15