17-β-estradiol

…to lower activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A enzymes if concentrations of androstenone, testosterone or 17- β-estradiol are high (5, 6, 7, 8). A peculiarity of one boar taint compound is that…

…to lower activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A enzymes if concentrations of androstenone, testosterone or 17- β-estradiol are high (5, 6, 7, 8). A peculiarity of one boar taint compound is that…

R-Interval [ms] between baseline and during castration and (D) between baseline and the bar and standard deviation post is represented castration. The barbyindicates the whiskers. Boxplots the mean of (E) difference is displayed as the in topstandard of the bar deviation and standard rate (SDHR) of heartdeviation is [beats minute −1] between baseline and during castration and (F) between baseline and post represented by the whiskers. Boxplots of (E) difference in standard deviation of heart rate (SDHR) castration, (G) difference in standard deviation of RR-Interval (SDRR) [ms] between baseline and [beats minute−1 ] between baseline and during castration and (F) between baseline and post castra- during castration and (H) between baseline and post castration and (I) difference in low tion, (G) differencefrequency frequency/high in standard deviation (LF/HF) ratioofbetween RR-Interval (SDRR) baseline and[ms] between during baseline castration and and during (J) between baselineand castration and(H) postbetween baseline castration. and represent The boxes post castration the first and(I)third and lowthe quartileinand difference frequency/high whiskers range frequency (LF/HF)to from minimum ratio betweenThe maximum. baseline median and during castration is indicated by the bandand inside (J) between the box.baseline post andletters Different (a, b, c, d) castration. show The boxes significant representdifferences between the first and thirdthe experimental quartile and the groups whiskers 0.05).from (p <range The superscript minimum “e” differentiates to maximum. time periods/episodes(“ The median is indicated by the e”) from time points (MAP and respiratory rate) band inside the box. Different letters (a, b, c, d) show significant differences between the

R-Interval [ms] between baseline and during castration and (D) between baseline and the bar and standard deviation post is represented castration. The barbyindicates the whiskers. Boxplots the mean of (E) difference is displayed as the in topstandard of the bar deviation and standard rate (SDHR) of heartdeviation is [beats minute −1] between baseline and during castration and (F) between baseline and post represented by the whiskers. Boxplots of (E) difference in standard deviation of heart rate (SDHR) castration, (G) difference in standard deviation of RR-Interval (SDRR) [ms] between baseline and [beats minute−1 ] between baseline and during castration and (F) between baseline and post castra- during castration and (H) between baseline and post castration and (I) difference in low tion, (G) differencefrequency frequency/high in standard deviation (LF/HF) ratioofbetween RR-Interval (SDRR) baseline and[ms] between during baseline castration and and during (J) between baselineand castration and(H) postbetween baseline castration. and represent The boxes post castration the first and(I)third and lowthe quartileinand difference frequency/high whiskers range frequency (LF/HF)to from minimum ratio betweenThe maximum. baseline median and during castration is indicated by the bandand inside (J) between the box.baseline post andletters Different (a, b, c, d) castration. show The boxes significant representdifferences between the first and thirdthe experimental quartile and the groups whiskers 0.05).from (p <range The superscript minimum “e” differentiates to maximum. time periods/episodes(“ The median is indicated by the e”) from time points (MAP and respiratory rate) band inside the box. Different letters (a, b, c, d) show significant differences between the

E₂ plays a central role in inflammation, its diagnostic value in early-life castration models is limited. Similar to PGE2 results, haptoglobin did not demonstrate sensitivity as an indicator of castration inflammation. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein synthesized in the liver and commonly used as an indicator of systemic inflammation and tissue injury (Merlot et al., 2013). In this study, haptoglobin concentrations increased significantly by Day 7 and remained elevated on day 14 across all groups, including intact piglets. This pattern indicates that the observed response may not be attributable to castration-related inflammation. Instead, increases could reflect other early-life factors, such as social stress, androgen-driven immune modulation in intact males (Fardisi et al., 2023), or subclinical infections (Saco & Bassols, 2022). These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of haptoglobin responses in neonatal pigs and suggest it may lack specificity as a biomarker for castration associated inflammation. Page 9/20 Future work should consider alternative biomarkers with greater sensitivity such as C-reactive proteins, serum amyloid A (Pomorska-Mól et al., 2013) or pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α (Llamas Moya et al., 2008), to more precisely characterize the inflammatory response to castration. Infrared thermography (IRT) proved to be a non-invasive and sensitive method for distinguishing inflammatory responses between castrated and intact piglets, however there was no treatment effect, demonstrating that the products did not drive changes to scrotal temperature, but the castration procedure itself. Castrated piglets consistently exhibited higher skin surface temperatures than their intact counterparts. This is likely due to local

E₂ plays a central role in inflammation, its diagnostic value in early-life castration models is limited. Similar to PGE2 results, haptoglobin did not demonstrate sensitivity as an indicator of castration inflammation. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein synthesized in the liver and commonly used as an indicator of systemic inflammation and tissue injury (Merlot et al., 2013). In this study, haptoglobin concentrations increased significantly by Day 7 and remained elevated on day 14 across all groups, including intact piglets. This pattern indicates that the observed response may not be attributable to castration-related inflammation. Instead, increases could reflect other early-life factors, such as social stress, androgen-driven immune modulation in intact males (Fardisi et al., 2023), or subclinical infections (Saco & Bassols, 2022). These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of haptoglobin responses in neonatal pigs and suggest it may lack specificity as a biomarker for castration associated inflammation. Page 9/20 Future work should consider alternative biomarkers with greater sensitivity such as C-reactive proteins, serum amyloid A (Pomorska-Mól et al., 2013) or pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α (Llamas Moya et al., 2008), to more precisely characterize the inflammatory response to castration. Infrared thermography (IRT) proved to be a non-invasive and sensitive method for distinguishing inflammatory responses between castrated and intact piglets, however there was no treatment effect, demonstrating that the products did not drive changes to scrotal temperature, but the castration procedure itself. Castrated piglets consistently exhibited higher skin surface temperatures than their intact counterparts. This is likely due to local

oky and phenolic nuances. The detection of heptyl mercaptan and propylene glycol further introduced sulphurous and alcoholic components to the overall aroma pro- file. In contrast, the E2 group was characterised by the presence of 2,3-butanediol, octane, p-menthatriene, and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, associated with bitter, woody, and cereal odour notes. These compounds contributed to a more balanced and mild overall aroma profile compared with the other groups. Overall, the PCA separated immunocastrated and un- castrated boars primarily along PC1, reflecting a clear transition from terpene-dominated profiles, typical of uncastrated boars, toward aldehyde and ester profiles characteristic of immunocastrated pigs. The PCA biplot (Figure 2) shows the distribution of backfat samples in a two- dimensional space defined by PC1 (23.55%) and PC2 (15.76%), jointly explaining 39.31% of the total variance. Distinct groupings of the samples are visible, with partial overlap between groups C and E1, and clearer separation from group E2. The spatial configuration of the groups reflects the variability in the volatile compound profile of the backfat. Fat obtained from boars from the control group (C) was characterised by the presence of al- cohols (1-propanol, 2-octanol) and terpene (terpinolene), as well as aldehyde (but-2-enal). These compounds contributed to alcoholic, fatty, green, and anisic odour notes, which are Animals 2025, 15, 3374 12 of 19 commonly associated with the lipid oxidation processes. The E1 group exhibited unique volatile components, including formic acid and hexanoic acid (carboxylic acids with pun- gent and fatty notes), 1-butanamine (amine with a fishy odour), and sotolon (a lactone associated with mushroom aroma). This combination indicates the presence of

.R. Effect of Immunocastration on the Steroid Hormones Content, Serum Lipid Profile, and Fatty Acid Profile in Tissues of Porkers Fed Dry or Wet Diet. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 2022, 40, 171–184. 77. Tuz, R. Zapobieganie Wystepowaniu Zapachu Plciowego w Tuszach Niekastrowanych Chirurgicznie Knurkow. Zesz. Nauk. Akad. Rol. w Krakowie. Rozpr. 2008, 323, 1–86. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

with its synthesis regulated blood pressure. These conditions can lead to hypothermia by the luteinizing hormone (LH), during sexual maturity or even crushing by the sow. Another method harnessed and functions as a pheromone, influencing reproductive to alleviate pain during surgical castration is local anes- behaviors and indicating readiness for mating (Squires thesia, administered directly into the testes or spermatic et al., 2020). It is metabolized in the liver and testes and cord (Kluivers-Poodt, 2007). Lidocaine and procaine are then excreted in the urine. However, non-degraded andros- the most commonly used agents, with procaine being less tenone accumulates in the adipose tissue (Duarte et al., effective in some cases and the only approved local anes- 2021), and its odor is described as reminiscent of sweat, thetic for pigs in certain countries (Weiler and Bonneau, dirt, silage, and parsnip (Borrisser-Pairó et al., 2017). Ska- 2019). However, Skade et al. (2021) did not confirm its tole (3-methylindole) is produced in the large intestines of poorer efficacy in their study but observed that procaine pigs of both sexes upon tryptophan degradation by bacteria injections caused greater discomfort in piglets compared and accumulates in the adipose tissue if not degraded. Its to lidocaine injections. The efficacy of local anesthesia production depends on environmental factors, particularly also depends on the technique of administration and the diet and housing conditions, and, to a lesser extent, on ge- interval between injection and the procedure. Analgesic netic factors, and it is responsible for the fecal odor in pork drugs are commonly administered in addition to general (Duarte et al., 2021). Males cannot metabolize and elimi- and local anesthesia Meloxicam

with its synthesis regulated blood pressure. These conditions can lead to hypothermia by the luteinizing hormone (LH), during sexual maturity or even crushing by the sow. Another method harnessed and functions as a pheromone, influencing reproductive to alleviate pain during surgical castration is local anes- behaviors and indicating readiness for mating (Squires thesia, administered directly into the testes or spermatic et al., 2020). It is metabolized in the liver and testes and cord (Kluivers-Poodt, 2007). Lidocaine and procaine are then excreted in the urine. However, non-degraded andros- the most commonly used agents, with procaine being less tenone accumulates in the adipose tissue (Duarte et al., effective in some cases and the only approved local anes- 2021), and its odor is described as reminiscent of sweat, thetic for pigs in certain countries (Weiler and Bonneau, dirt, silage, and parsnip (Borrisser-Pairó et al., 2017). Ska- 2019). However, Skade et al. (2021) did not confirm its tole (3-methylindole) is produced in the large intestines of poorer efficacy in their study but observed that procaine pigs of both sexes upon tryptophan degradation by bacteria injections caused greater discomfort in piglets compared and accumulates in the adipose tissue if not degraded. Its to lidocaine injections. The efficacy of local anesthesia production depends on environmental factors, particularly also depends on the technique of administration and the diet and housing conditions, and, to a lesser extent, on ge- interval between injection and the procedure. Analgesic netic factors, and it is responsible for the fecal odor in pork drugs are commonly administered in addition to general (Duarte et al., 2021). Males cannot metabolize and elimi- and local anesthesia Meloxicam