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eting interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi .org/1 0.10 38/s41598- 025-91551-6. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.H.E.T. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/ /creativec ommo ns.org /licenses/
PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE Less experienced observers assess piglet castration-induced acute pain differently than experienced observers: A pilot study Gustavo Venâncio da Silva1, Magdiel Lopez-Soriano ID2, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia3, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade ID1,3* 1 Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence on Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, 2 Extension Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America, 3 Global Production Animal Welfare Laboratory, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America * pesteve@ncsu.edu, pedro.trindade@unesp.br a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 Behavioral pain scales have been helpful for standardized swine pain assessment. How- ever, it is still unknown if observers’ experience influences the scale score. We conducted a pilot study to investigate how three different levels of swine experience influenced how OPEN ACCESS observers scored castration pain in piglets using Unesp-Botucatu Pig Composite Acute Pain Scale (UPAPS). We used a database from UPAPS scores from pigs undergoing surgi- Citation: da Silva GV, Lopez-Soriano M, Pairis- Garcia MD, Trindade PHE (2024) Less experienced cal castration in a previous study. Scores were attributed by six observers with Little to no observers assess piglet castration-induced acute experience (n = 2), Some experience (n = 2) and Extensive experience (n = 2). Reliability pain differently than experienced observers: A pilot was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, agreement was