Centro Clínico Veterinario

TYPE Review PUBLISHED 15 October 2025 DOI 10.3389/fvets.2025.1679966 Clinical interpretation of body OPEN ACCESS language and behavioral modifications to recognize pain EDITED BY Melissa Bain, University of California, Davis, United States REVIEWED BY Teddy Lazebnik, in domestic mammals University of Haifa, Israel Lorenzo Alvarez, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Daniel Mota-Rojas 1*, Alexandra L. Whittaker 2, Lydia Lanzoni 3, Mexico Cécile Bienboire-Frosini 4, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva 1, *CORRESPONDENCE Alfonso Chay-Canul 5, Vivian Fischer 6, Temple Grandin cheryl.miller@colostate.edu Ismael Hernández-Avalos 7, Andrea Bragaglio 8,9, Daniel Mota-Rojas dmota100@yahoo.com.mx Eleonora Nannoni 10, Adriana Olmos-Hernández 11, RECEIVED 05 August 2025 Arthur Fernandes Bettencourt 12, Patricia Mora-Medina 7, ACCEPTED 26 September 2025 Julio Martínez-Burnes 13, Alejandro Casas-Alvarado 1 and PUBLISHED 15 October 2025 CITATION Temple Grandin 14* ​Mota-Rojas D, Whittaker AL, Lanzoni L, ​ 1 Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Bienboire-Frosini C, ​Domínguez-Oliva A, ​ Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico, 2 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Chay-Canul A, Fischer V, ​Hernández-Avalos I, Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia, 3 Animal Production and Health Division, Bragaglio A, Nannoni E, ​Olmos-Hernández A, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy, 4 EPLFPA-Avignon, Avignon, France, 5 División Fernandes Bettencourt A, ​Mora-Medina P, ​ Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Martínez-Burnes J, ​Casas-Alvarado A and Mexico, 6 Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do

TYPE Review PUBLISHED 15 October 2025 DOI 10.3389/fvets.2025.1679966 Clinical interpretation of body OPEN ACCESS language and behavioral modifications to recognize pain EDITED BY Melissa Bain, University of California, Davis, United States REVIEWED BY Teddy Lazebnik, in domestic mammals University of Haifa, Israel Lorenzo Alvarez, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Daniel Mota-Rojas 1*, Alexandra L. Whittaker 2, Lydia Lanzoni 3, Mexico Cécile Bienboire-Frosini 4, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva 1, *CORRESPONDENCE Alfonso Chay-Canul 5, Vivian Fischer 6, Temple Grandin cheryl.miller@colostate.edu Ismael Hernández-Avalos 7, Andrea Bragaglio 8,9, Daniel Mota-Rojas dmota100@yahoo.com.mx Eleonora Nannoni 10, Adriana Olmos-Hernández 11, RECEIVED 05 August 2025 Arthur Fernandes Bettencourt 12, Patricia Mora-Medina 7, ACCEPTED 26 September 2025 Julio Martínez-Burnes 13, Alejandro Casas-Alvarado 1 and PUBLISHED 15 October 2025 CITATION Temple Grandin 14* ​Mota-Rojas D, Whittaker AL, Lanzoni L, ​ 1 Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Bienboire-Frosini C, ​Domínguez-Oliva A, ​ Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico, 2 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Chay-Canul A, Fischer V, ​Hernández-Avalos I, Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia, 3 Animal Production and Health Division, Bragaglio A, Nannoni E, ​Olmos-Hernández A, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy, 4 EPLFPA-Avignon, Avignon, France, 5 División Fernandes Bettencourt A, ​Mora-Medina P, ​ Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Martínez-Burnes J, ​Casas-Alvarado A and Mexico, 6 Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do

…de Zaragoza-IIS, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; ttejedor@unizar.es 3 Centro Clínico Veterinario, C/Madre Genoveva Torres Morales 8, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain; kikevet39@gmail.com 4 Sydney School…

751-0813.2010.00551.x © 2010 The Authors 74 Australian Veterinary Journal Volume 88, No 3, March 2010 Journal compilation © 2010 Australian Veterinary Association

…50013 Zaragoza, Spain 3 Centro Clínico Veterinario, C/ Madre Genoveva Torres Morales, 8, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain 4 Gabinete técnico Veterinario S.L. C/ Isla conejera s/n. 50013 Zaragoza, Spain 5 Sydney…

…Zaragoza-IIS), (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain 3 Gabinete Técnico Veterinario S.L. C/ Isla conejera s/n. 50013 Zaragoza, Spain 4 Sydney School of Veterinary Science…

s Culture to determine the clinical progression of the lesions, with Sterile swabs collected at T0, T1, T2 and T3 were submitted data collected on the changes occurring in the lesions. In to incubation with primary tissue cultures from ovine skin addition, photographic records of the lesions were taken at fibroblasts (OSF) and T-immortalized goat embryonic fibro­ three angles, including the two lateral profiles and an blasts (TIGEF). Briefly, swabs were immersed in 2mL of anterior (frontal) image with the mouth open to observe tissue culture medium, DMEM supplemented with 1% glu­ and record lesions occurring inside the mouth. Images tamine, 2% foetal bovine serum and 2% antibiotics (Sigma were also taken with a ruler to provide size comparisons. Aldrich) and then added to cells. Cells were incubated at 37° The number of lesions and the morphological appearance C, 5% CO2 atmosphere for 5 days. DNA extraction was of these lesions were chronologically recorded from each performed in cells using E.Z.N.A Blood DNA Mini Kit animal, described as papules, pustules, proliferations, (Omega bio-tek). Orf virus detection and viral load quanti­ crusts, or erosions. fication were conducted by real-time quantitative PCR in an Agilent AriaMx machine using commercial PCR EXOone Haematology Contagious Ecthyma (Exopol, Spain). Haematology was performed using an automatic haemato­ logical counter IDEXX ProcyteDx (IDEXX laboratories, Statistical Analysis of Results Westbrook, ME, USA). Measured parameters were leuco­ Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statis­ cytes (K/mL), erythrocytes (M/mL), haemoglobin (g/dL), tics version 26 (2019) software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). haematocrit (%), platelets (K/mL), MCV (Mean Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to quantitative

stered singleSesto in a Italia, Fiorentino IV bolus. (FI), Sedation Italyachieved was ) and 0.01withmg/kg1 mg/kg of Azaperone of detomidine (Stresnil, (Detonervin, Elanco Italia Ecuphar Italia, S.p.A.S.r.l., Fiorentino Sesto (MI), Milano Italy); (FI), Italy) general and 0.01 mg/kg anesthesia of detomidine was induced with a dose(Detonervin, of 5 mg/kgEcuphar Italia S.r.l., Milano(Zoletil of tiletamine/zolazepam (MI), Italy); general anesthesia was induced with a dose of 5 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam 50/50, Virbac Italia, Milano (MI), Italy). The sedative and anesthetic medication adminis- (Zoletil tered was 50/50, VirbactoItalia, sufficient Milano maintain (MI), Italy). an adequate The level ofsedative anesthesia andforanesthetic the entiremedication duration of administered the procedurewas sufficient (which did not toexceed maintain 5–10anmin adequate levelstarting in all cases of anesthesia from the forfirst theincision entire duration of the procedure of the pre-scrotal area and(which endingdid nothe with exceed 5–10ofmin excision the in all cases second starting testis). Afterfrom the sedation first incision of the pre-scrotal area and ending with the excision of and the induction of anesthesia, animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency, and thethe second testis). After surgical and sedation site the wasinduction prepared,ofallowing anesthesia, some animals time for were deep positioned anesthesia in dorsal recumbency, to initiate. This was and done by first washing the whole area with antibacterial soap (DOC SCRUBinitiate. the surgical site was prepared, allowing some time for deep anesthesia to PVP-IODIO,This was done by first washing the whole area with antibacterial soap (DOC GARDENING S.r.l., Genova (GE), Italy) to eliminate large contaminant

ntly, all participants considered it was very esting results which could be used as animal welfare indicators as successful trial, with high levels of appreciation by participants for well as indicators of clinical response to the treatments. The mo- their involvement, the product examined (TS) and the clear clinical bility of all 12 cattle in the TS-treated cohort returned immediately, responses observed. suggesting this is a very useful therapy to enable cattle to walk and Lesion healing scores across the three groups revealed superior gain access to water and feed. In the MO-treated cohort, 10 of the results for the TS-treated cohort, with more rapid healing of cor- animals also immediately returned to walking. However, of the con- onary band lesions incurred from FMD. Although the MO-treated trol group, only five had immediate mobility and four animals did not cohort also achieved a reasonable score, the untreated control ani- return to walking even by day 15. There was one animal in the MO- mals had lesions persisting for in excess of 2 weeks, indicative of the treated cohort that did not return to mobility until day 12. In total, prolonged clinical course and debilitating impacts of FD on grazing 7/36 (19.4%) cattle had not returned to mobility by day 9, indicating animals. Although a subjective measurement, these scores provide that FMD is a severe disease as it renders animals immobile and that a useful indication of the healing rate of FMD lesions in field condi- although FMD is considered a low mortality disease, the animal wel- tions in Cameroon. fare impacts are clearly considerable. Similarly, appetite scores were highest in the TS-treated cohort, As oral vesicular lesions can have significant impacts on animal be- indicating that the treatment supported