FSH

…Consequently, GnRH-immunization leads to a decrease in surgical castration is performed without anesthesia or analgesic luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) control, resulting in roosters’ suffering and violating animal…

flesh hair, reducing aggressive behaviors and eliminating fighting and snorting (8). The energy consumed by capon in territorial protection, fighting, and courtship behaviors is greatly reduced compared intact rooster, making their feed energy utilization more efficient for growth and fat deposition (9). Consequently, castration enhances fat deposits and intramuscular fat content, elevating meat sensory qualities such as tenderness, juiciness, and flavor (7, 9–11). However, surgical castration also has some limitations, including postoperative complications, increased susceptibility to infections, and animal welfare concerns. Additionally, the procedure needs to be performed at an appropriate age, and the high demands on surgical skills, and other cost- effective resources (12). In contrast, GnRH-immunocastration minimizes animal stress, reduces infection risk and complications associated with surgery, and substantially greatly improves animal welfare. Furthermore, it poses no risk of drug residue, making it easy to apply in production. Consequently, GnRH-immunocastration has the potential to be a safe alternative to surgical castration. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 01 frontiersin.org Wang et al. 10.3389/fvets.2023.1248879 2. The comparison of different within the HPT axis through immunological means to reduce the castration techniques for male concentration of target hormones and achieve castration (29, 40). animals GnRH is located at the upper end of the HPT axis, plays a pivotal roleinitiating and controlling the physiological functions of the entire Currently, various techniques for castrating male animals exist, reproductive axis (41). Therefore, GnRH-immunization is the most including chemical castration, Bloodless castration, surgical castration, widely

…function through the gonadotropic hormones LH and (2012), which analyzed the attitudes of German con- FSH. It is expected to inhibit testicular development, and sumers towards immunocastration and showed that the thus…

…function through the gonadotropic hormones LH and (2012), which analyzed the attitudes of German con- FSH. It is expected to inhibit testicular development, and sumers towards immunocastration and showed that the thus…

lable, pre-treatment data were included as a co-variate. Baseline data were defined as the latest measurement of a given variable before treatment was administered. The statistical model included treatment, sex (except for parameters only measured in one sex), and treatment-by-sex interactions as fixed effects, while the repeated measures ANOVA model included treatment, sex and time (and their 2-way and 3-way interac- tions) as fixed effects. Data were compared either within or across sex depending on observed interactions. Models were selected using backwards elimination where 3-way and 2-way interaction terms with the highest p-Value were sequentially dropped from the model. The process was performed hierarchically starting with the 3-way interaction terms using a threshold p-Value of 0.1, as required by regulatory guidelines. Model selection was stopped when any of the following occurred: (i) all interaction terms at the highest level had a p-Value < 0.1; (ii) no interaction terms remained in the model. The statistical model was therefore: Parameter = Baseline_variables + Treatment + Sex + Time + Treatment:Sex + Treat- ment:Time + Sex:Time + Treatment:Sex:Time + Residual_Error Least squares means were compared at a significance level of p < 0.1 in the first instance apart from treatment by sex by time point, which was compared at p < 0.05 in the first instance. For the repeated measures models, most residual error patterns were selected based on a comparison of Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) output for models containing an unstructured (UN), autoregressive (AR; 1), variance components (VC) and independent residual error pattern (with the lowest AIC preferred among the possible covariance matrices). The denominator degrees of freedom in the covariance pattern

a 11 27.74±5.413b 24.4–32.5 fL B 3 31.50±8.150a 3 28.03±6.550b Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH, pg) A 9 10.62±1.391a 11 9.664±1.097b 8.5–11.8 pg B 3 10.60±1.114a 3 9.533±1.168b Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC, g/dL) A 9 22.04±2.559 11 35.28±2.734 32.3–42.0 g/dL B 3 34.50±5.112 3 34.63±4.332 For personal use only. Reticulocytes (K/µL) A 9 4.13±4.432 11 2.45±2.987 0.0–15.0 K/μL B 3 1.87±0.153 3 0.77±0.666 Leucocytes (WBC, K/µL) A 7 6.55±1.993a 10 11.06±7.86b 5.06–14.12 K/μL B 3 7.93±3.453a 3 9.17±4.788b Neutrophils (K/µL) A 7 3.66±1.575a 10 7.15±4.403b 1.17–6.11 K/μL B 3 4.83±2.695a 3 5.81±3.999b Lymphocytes (K/µL) A 7 2.73±0.960 10 3.39±1.037 2.54–9.6 K/μL B 3 2.51±0.933 3 2.41±0.925 Monocytes (K/µL) A 7 0.06±0.055a 10 0.32±0.289b 0.1–1.01 K/μL B 3 0.27±0.138a 3 0.90±0.638b Eosinophils (K/µL) A 7 0.01±0.007 10 0.08±0.111B 0.05–0.95 K/μL B 3 0.02±0.011 3 0.01±0.010A Basophil (K/µL) A 7 0.09±0.048 10 0.11±0.081 0–0.12 K/μL B 3 0.03±0.026 3 0.04±0.030 Platelets (K/µL) A 9 531.89±125.926 10 456.60±203.644 301–922 K/μL B 3 758.33±359.433 3 453.67±279.001 Notes: a,bDifferent letters mean significant differences between results in day one and day 11 (p<0.05); A,BDifferent letters mean significant differences between the two groups A and B (p<0.005). virus transmission during outbreaks. Similarly, hypocrellin shown to provide rapid and prolonged wound anaesthesia A antiviral activity seems to be related to a decline in from blockage of nociception,16 with the acidity poten­ pH.15 Low pH has been related to viricidal activity in tially sufficient to destroy virus without causing pain to the multiple models, including Herpes Simplex-1 (HSV-1) in animal. It has also been postulated