Lothar Kreienbrock

…understanding pain in pigs—pain assessment in pigs with spontaneously occurring diseases or injuries Julia Kschonek1*, Kathrin Deters2, Moana Miller3, Jennifer Reinmold2, Lara Twele4, Ilka Emmerich5, Sabine Kästner6, Nicole Kemper3, Lothar Kreienbrock1…

…understanding pain in pigs—pain assessment in pigs with spontaneously occurring diseases or injuries Julia Kschonek1*, Kathrin Deters2, Moana Miller3, Jennifer Reinmold2, Lara Twele4, Ilka Emmerich5, Sabine Kästner6, Nicole Kemper3, Lothar Kreienbrock1…

…understanding pain in pigs—basic knowledge about pain assessment, measures and therapy Julia Kschonek1*, Lara Twele2, Kathrin Deters3, Moana Miller4, Jennifer Reinmold3, Ilka Emmerich5, Isabel Hennig‑Pauka3, Nicole Kemper4, Lothar Kreienbrock1, Michael…

…understanding pain in pigs—basic knowledge about pain assessment, measures and therapy Julia Kschonek1*, Lara Twele2, Kathrin Deters3, Moana Miller4, Jennifer Reinmold3, Ilka Emmerich5, Isabel Hennig‑Pauka3, Nicole Kemper4, Lothar Kreienbrock1, Michael…

…on concrete floor than extra straw floor Heimann, M., Hartmann, M., Freise, F., Kreienbrock, L., Große Beilage, E., 2024. Foot lesions and forelimb 4. CON CLUS ION skin abrasions in suckling piglets…

animals Article Local Anesthesia in Piglets Undergoing Castration—A Comparative Study to Investigate the Analgesic Effects of Four Local Anesthetics Based on Defensive Behavior and Side Effects Nora Abendschön 1, *, Steffanie Senf 1 , Pauline Deffner 1 , Regina Miller 2 , Andrea Grott 2 , Julia Werner 3 , Anna M. Saller 3 , Judith Reiser 3 , Christine Weiß 1 , Yury Zablotski 1 , Johannes Fischer 3 , Shana Bergmann 2 , Michael H. Erhard 2 , Christine Baumgartner 3 , Mathias Ritzmann 1 and Susanne Zöls 1 1 Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Bavaria, Germany; S.Senf@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (S.S.); P.Deffner@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (P.D.); C.Weiss@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (C.W.); Y.Zablotski@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (Y.Z.); Ritzmann@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (M.R.); S.Zoels@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (S.Z.) 2 Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; r.miller@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (R.M.); a.schoerwerth@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (A.G.); s.bergmann@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (S.B.); m.erhard@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (M.H.E.) 3 Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; julia.werner@tum.de (J.W.); anna.saller@tum.de (A.M.S.); judith.reiser@tum.de (J.R.); fischer.johannes@tum.de (J.F.); christine.baumgartner@tum.de (C.B.) * Correspondence: Nora.Abendschoen@med.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de Received: 27 August 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 26 September 2020 Simple Summary: More than 80 million male piglets are castrated every year within the first week of life mostly without pain relief in the EU. Castration is performed to prevent boar taint, to

piglets are castrated every year within the first week of life mostly without pain relief in the EU. Castration is performed to prevent boar taint, to minimize aggressive and sexual behavior associated with intact males and to gain a constant quality of meat. It is an important animal welfare issue to eliminate pain caused by castration. Local anesthesia, meaning the sole injection of a local anesthetic into the testicles and in the surrounding tissue of conscious piglets, prior to castration is a currently discussed method in Germany. Thus, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the effect of four local anesthetics (procaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine) on pain relief during surgical castration in conscious piglets. To assess pain, defensive behavior of piglets undergoing injection and castration was evaluated. In addition, attention was paid to possible side effects. Considering healing, bleeding and weight gain no negative impacts were observed, but impairments of locomotor activity occurred. The results indicate that lidocaine and mepivacaine are able to achieve significant pain relief during the castration procedure, whereas procaine and bupivacaine only during the severing of the spermatic cord. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of four local anesthetics on pain relief during surgical castration under standardized conditions in conscious piglets. Therefore, 71 male piglets (three to seven days) were distributed into control groups (handling, castration without anesthesia or analgesia) and local anesthetic trial groups (procaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine). Then, 20 min prior to castration, animals of the treatment groups, except piglets in the handling group, received an injection of a local

animals Article Behavior of Piglets in an Observation Arena before and after Surgical Castration with Local Anesthesia Regina Miller 1, *, Andrea Grott 1 , Dorian Patzkéwitsch 1 , Dorothea Döring 1 , Nora Abendschön 2 , Pauline Deffner 2 , Judith Reiser 3 , Mathias Ritzmann 2 , Anna M. Saller 3 , Paul Schmidt 4 , Steffanie Senf 2 , Julia Werner 3 , Christine Baumgartner 3 , Susanne Zöls 2 , Michael Erhard 1 and Shana Bergmann 1, * 1 Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany 2 Clinic for Swine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany 3 Center for Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany 4 Statistical Consulting for Science and Research, Große Seestr. 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany * Correspondence: r.miller@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (R.M.); s.bergmann@lmu.de (S.B.) Simple Summary: Surgical castration of piglets is generally recognized as a painful procedure. Thus, for animal welfare reasons, the German Animal Welfare Act stipulates the use of effective anesthesia during castration. However, whether local anesthesia provides adequate analgesia has been an ongoing debate in Germany. In the present study, we compared the behavior of 178 piglets allocated to various test groups in an observation arena before any of the applied procedures, after administration of the local anesthetic, and 0, 2 and 24 h after surgical castration. The local anesthetic and the injection techniques were evaluated and optimized in three sequential study parts. Overall, the results revealed that when local anesthesia was used, piglets less frequently showed

animals Article Behavior of Piglets in an Observation Arena before and after Surgical Castration with Local Anesthesia Regina Miller 1, *, Andrea Grott 1 , Dorian Patzkéwitsch 1 , Dorothea Döring 1 , Nora Abendschön 2 , Pauline Deffner 2 , Judith Reiser 3 , Mathias Ritzmann 2 , Anna M. Saller 3 , Paul Schmidt 4 , Steffanie Senf 2 , Julia Werner 3 , Christine Baumgartner 3 , Susanne Zöls 2 , Michael Erhard 1 and Shana Bergmann 1, * 1 Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany 2 Clinic for Swine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany 3 Center for Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany 4 Statistical Consulting for Science and Research, Große Seestr. 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany * Correspondence: r.miller@tierhyg.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de (R.M.); s.bergmann@lmu.de (S.B.) Simple Summary: Surgical castration of piglets is generally recognized as a painful procedure. Thus, for animal welfare reasons, the German Animal Welfare Act stipulates the use of effective anesthesia during castration. However, whether local anesthesia provides adequate analgesia has been an ongoing debate in Germany. In the present study, we compared the behavior of 178 piglets allocated to various test groups in an observation arena before any of the applied procedures, after administration of the local anesthetic, and 0, 2 and 24 h after surgical castration. The local anesthetic and the injection techniques were evaluated and optimized in three sequential study parts. Overall, the results revealed that when local anesthesia was used, piglets less frequently showed

animals Article Comparative Study of Pain-Related Responses of Male Piglets up to Seven Days of Age to the Application of Different Local Anaesthetics and Subsequent Castration Franz Josef Söbbeler 1, *,† , Sören Wendt 2,† , Andreas Briese 3 , Julia Tünsmeier 1 , Karl-Heinz Waldmann 2,‡ , Sabine Beate Rita Kästner 1,† and Alexandra von Altrock 2, *,† 1 Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany 2 Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany 3 eduToolbox, 31157 Sarstedt, Germany * Correspondence: franz.josef.soebbeler@tiho-hannover.de (F.J.S.); alexandra.von.altrock@tiho-hannover.de (A.v.A.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ Valuable contribution to this paper before he departed. Simple Summary: Since 2021, surgical piglet castration must be performed with complete pain elimination according to the Animal Protection Law in Germany. General anaesthesia by isoflurane inhalation, which can be performed by the farmer, or by injection of ketamine and azaperone, which must be performed by a veterinarian, are the options available. At present, local anaesthesia is still under debate because of the lack of proof of complete pain elimination and the pain on injection. Citation: Söbbeler, F.J.; Wendt, S.; We tested three local anaesthetics (procaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine) at two different doses Briese, A.; Tünsmeier, J.; Waldmann, each. Because pain responses can be masked by reactions caused by handling, the piglets were K.-H.; Kästner, S.B.R.; von Altrock, A. given superficial isoflurane anaesthesia. The pain on injection to the testes was compared with