Mexico

utónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Martínez-Burnes J, ​Casas-Alvarado A and Mexico, 6 Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Grandin T (2025) Clinical interpretation…

utónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Martínez-Burnes J, ​Casas-Alvarado A and Mexico, 6 Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Grandin T (2025) Clinical interpretation…

…Some non EU countries homeostasis or perceived threatened homeostasis due like Australia, Brazil, Mexico and New Zealand also use to a short-term (acute) or long-term, mostly repeated Improvac (Tuyttens, 2011…

…Some non EU countries homeostasis or perceived threatened homeostasis due like Australia, Brazil, Mexico and New Zealand also use to a short-term (acute) or long-term, mostly repeated Improvac (Tuyttens, 2011…

y, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and local anesthetics are promising products for pain management for large commercial swine systems that can be used in association to control operative and post-operative pain. Meloxicam, a COX-2 specific NSAID, is the most frequently studied NSAID used for castration pain mitigation in piglets (Bates et al., 2014; Baysinger et al., 2021; Bonastre et al., 2016; Burkemper et al., 2020; Enouri et al., 2022; Garcia et al., 2023; Gottardo et al., 2016; Hansson et al., 2011; Keita et al., 2010; Nixon et al., 2021; Viscardi & Turner, 2018) and controls prostaglandin production and pain sensitivity up to 5 hours post-procedure (Engelhardt, 1996; Gottardo et al., 2016). Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels thus preventing an effective action potential from occurring (Hermanns et al., 2019). Local anesthetics like lidocaine are required to be used in many European countries for pain control during castration and function to control pain at the time of the procedure (European Commission, 2017). Although meloxicam administration can be easily implemented on-farm, effective and consistent administration of local anesthetics requires more extensive training (European Commission, 2017; Pérez-Pedraza et al., 2018). More recently, the implementation of a needleless administration system has been explored, and to date, only one publication has assessed the efficacy of a needle-free injection of lidocaine to control castration pain in piglets (M. Sutherland et al., 2017). Needle-free systems offer many advantages in terms of food safety, worker safety and animal welfare. Needle-free systems are relatively cost-effective depending on size of the farm and farm needs and this is mostly due to a reduction

tor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

tor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

1. Effect of treatment on total behavioral scores using UPAPS scale in castrated piglets treated with needleless lidocaine and meloxicam intramuscular (LM), needleless lidocaine and saline intramuscular (LS), needleless saline and meloxicam intramus­ cular (SM), needleless saline and saline intramuscular (SS) or sham castrated females (SH). Treatment p < .0001, timepoint p < .0001, treatment x timepoint p = <.0001. Pairwise comparisons between treatments with p ≤0.05 at 15 min: LM vs. LS, LM vs. SH, LS vs. SH, SM vs. SH, SS vs. SH. Discussion There continues to be a need to find both practical and effective ways of mitigating pain at the time of castration, as it is known to be a painful procedure with welfare implications for piglets (Wagner et al., 2020). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a multimodal pain control protocol including meloxicam administered intramuscularly and lidocaine administered intrader­ mally on mitigating pain behaviors associated with castration. In the present study, piglets that underwent castration displayed greater total pain scores over time compared to sham castrated piglets. These results agree with decades of research that show that castration is painful (Lou et al., 2022; Schmid & Steinhoff-Wagner, 2022; M. A. Sutherland, 2015) and including a male (Garcia et al., 2023; Lopez-Soriano et al., 2022, 2023) or female (Robles et al., 2023) sham treatment group in castration studies help establish an objective baseline model for comparison. The Unesp-Botucatu Pig Composite Acute Pain Scale (UPAPS) continues to be a robust tool for pain assessment that demonstrates good intra- and inter-observer agreement, excellent predictive capabilities and responsiveness in painful and pain-free states (Robles et al., 2023).

educed in sedated calves treated with topical anaesthetic compared to calves in the crate-control group (p < 0.001). Pain sensitivity was lower in all sedated calves than unsedated calves (p < 0.001). The ADG between Days 0–7 was 0.14 (95% CI = 0.015–0.274) kg/day greater in sedated calves treated with meloxicam than calves in the crate-control group (p = 0.03), and the ADG between Days 0–28 tended to be 0.06 (95% CI=−0.01–0.13) kg/day greater in sedated calves treated with topical anaesthetic than calves in the crate-control group (p = 0.09). Conclusion and clinical relevance: Sedation of calves for disbudding reduced the pain experienced in the following 24 hours. There was a benefit to providing calves with topical anaesthetic following disbudding on behavioural responses and pain sensitivity, which was similar to that of treating calves with meloxicam. Abbreviations: ADG: Average daily gain; IRR: Incidence rate ratio; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug Introduction (within 2–3 hours), behaviours such as ear flicking In New Zealand large numbers of calves are disbudded and head shaking increase, as do concentrations of cor- every year, usually within the first 2 months of life. tisol, with these pain-associated changes lasting for at While currently, disbudding is permitted without local least 24 hours after disbudding (Faulkner and Weary anaesthesia, new regulations due to be introduced on 2000; Sutherland et al. 2002). 1 October 2019 require that the disbudding of all The pain associated with disbudding can be calves in New Zealand must be undertaken using an reduced by giving a systemic non-steroidal anti-inflam- appropriately placed and effective local anaesthetic matory drug (NSAID; Stafford et al. 2003; Heinrich et al. (Anonymous

itek, J.; Candek-Potokar, M.; Djekic, I.; Getya, A.; Guerrero, L.; Ivanova, S.; Kusec, G.; Nakov, D.; et al. Attitudes and beliefs of eastern european consumers towards animal welfare. Animals 2020, 10, 17. [CrossRef] [PubMed] © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).