…The UK National Health Ser- be an unpleasant experience and can present in two main vice (NHS) advocates a patient-centred approach that pro- forms. The first is nociceptive pain that arises…
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…Monteiro BP, Lee NH, Steagall PV. Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain 157. Seksel K. The recognition and assessment of pain in cats In: CM Egger, L Love in cats using…
…Monteiro BP, Lee NH, Steagall PV. Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain 157. Seksel K. The recognition and assessment of pain in cats In: CM Egger, L Love in cats using…
…Monteiro BP, Lee NH, Steagall PV. Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the Feline Grimace Scale? A large bilingual global survey. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2023…
…Monteiro BP, Lee NH, Steagall PV. Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the Feline Grimace Scale? A large bilingual global survey. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2023…
a 11 27.74±5.413b 24.4–32.5 fL B 3 31.50±8.150a 3 28.03±6.550b Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH, pg) A 9 10.62±1.391a 11 9.664±1.097b 8.5–11.8 pg B 3 10.60±1.114a 3 9.533±1.168b Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC, g/dL) A 9 22.04±2.559 11 35.28±2.734 32.3–42.0 g/dL B 3 34.50±5.112 3 34.63±4.332 For personal use only. Reticulocytes (K/µL) A 9 4.13±4.432 11 2.45±2.987 0.0–15.0 K/μL B 3 1.87±0.153 3 0.77±0.666 Leucocytes (WBC, K/µL) A 7 6.55±1.993a 10 11.06±7.86b 5.06–14.12 K/μL B 3 7.93±3.453a 3 9.17±4.788b Neutrophils (K/µL) A 7 3.66±1.575a 10 7.15±4.403b 1.17–6.11 K/μL B 3 4.83±2.695a 3 5.81±3.999b Lymphocytes (K/µL) A 7 2.73±0.960 10 3.39±1.037 2.54–9.6 K/μL B 3 2.51±0.933 3 2.41±0.925 Monocytes (K/µL) A 7 0.06±0.055a 10 0.32±0.289b 0.1–1.01 K/μL B 3 0.27±0.138a 3 0.90±0.638b Eosinophils (K/µL) A 7 0.01±0.007 10 0.08±0.111B 0.05–0.95 K/μL B 3 0.02±0.011 3 0.01±0.010A Basophil (K/µL) A 7 0.09±0.048 10 0.11±0.081 0–0.12 K/μL B 3 0.03±0.026 3 0.04±0.030 Platelets (K/µL) A 9 531.89±125.926 10 456.60±203.644 301–922 K/μL B 3 758.33±359.433 3 453.67±279.001 Notes: a,bDifferent letters mean significant differences between results in day one and day 11 (p<0.05); A,BDifferent letters mean significant differences between the two groups A and B (p<0.005). virus transmission during outbreaks. Similarly, hypocrellin shown to provide rapid and prolonged wound anaesthesia A antiviral activity seems to be related to a decline in from blockage of nociception,16 with the acidity poten pH.15 Low pH has been related to viricidal activity in tially sufficient to destroy virus without causing pain to the multiple models, including Herpes Simplex-1 (HSV-1) in animal. It has also been postulated
Analgesia for Surgical Husbandry Procedures in Sheep and Other Livestock Dr Meredith L Sheil, Animal Ethics Pty Ltd, Associate Sydney University Faculty of Veterinary Science SUMMARY Surgical husbandry procedures in livestock are invariably associated with pain and stress, yet are traditionally performed without analgesia. Concern for the welfare of animals undergoing these procedures is contributing to major conflicts between farmers and animal advocacy organisations with important negative trade implications. Whilst the ultimate long term solution is to breed animals that do not require these procedures, or to find painless alternative practices, this will take time and a significant research effort in most cases. In the meantime, there is an urgent need to find a more immediate way to alleviate welfare concerns. This can be achieved by developing effective low-cost analgesia for on-farm use, to allow surgical procedures in livestock to be performed as humanely as surgical procedures in domestic animals and humans, while long term solutions are pursued and implemented. The first step in reaching this goal was realised with the development and commercialisation of Tri-Solfen® (Bayer Animal Health, Gordon NSW). Tri-Solfen® is a low-cost, farmer-applied topical anaesthetic, haemostatic and antiseptic wound care product that significantly alleviates pain associated with mulesing. Subsequent research identified that pre-operative administration of Carprofen enhanced the analgesic effects. Used together these agents eliminate pain-related behaviour for 24 hours post mulesing and abolish the cortisol response, thus providing highly effective analgesia that equates to (if not surpasses) that which is achieved for routine surgical procedures in veterinary clinics, such as
ce in the the previous studies may be due to mulesing causing a greater present study is that this was achieved with local anaesthetic applied area of tissue trauma than castration or tail docking, and the fact topically post-surgery, rather than injected pre-operatively.°>*® that local anaesthetic was administered before castration and tail Possible reasons for the effectiveness of combined local anaes- docking commenced, thetic and NSAID analgesia include complementary durations The failure of either carprofen or flunixin to reduce cortisol of action and mechanisms of action. Whereas local anaesthesia responses compared with the conventional mules treatment was may be present for 1.5 to 4 hours after administration, depending unexpected, given that both were administered 90 min before on the agent used, many NSAIDs typically have a longer dura- mulesing in order to maximise the accumulation of NSAIDs tion of action. Carprofen, one of the longest-acting NSAIDs, has into damaged and inflamed tissues.?**° The cortisol response a plasma half-life of 33 h in sheep.”° Secondly, local anaesthetics of lambs to castration was reduced by the intramuscular admin- such as lignocaine and bupivicaine are usually administered to istration of the NSAID diclofenac 20 min beforehand, with regional tissues and thus act locally to inhibit action potentials in a corresponding reduction in abnormal postures.‘ Similarly, nerve cells by inhibiting sodium influx through the nerve cell diclofenac administration reduced the cortisol response of lambs membrane. In contrast, the systemic administration of NSAIDs to the application of rubber rings for tail docking.? Flunixin and has been shown to act both centrally and peripherally, with carprofen were chosen for this study because they
directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/ /creativec ommo ns.org /licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2025 Scientific Reports | (2025) 15:7161 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91551-6 11
directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/ /creativec ommo ns.org /licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2025 Scientific Reports | (2025) 15:7161 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91551-6 11