…The Pain-Track includes four levels of negative affect, from Neutral to Excruciating, while the Pleasure-Track mirrors this ordinal structure for positive affect, ranging from Neutral to Blissful. Together, they form…
Pain-Track
Filters
DISTRESS - **PAIN_TRACK_PHASE** — specific PT phase row this informs, if applicable (e.g. "P1.2 Inflammatory peak hrs 2–4") - **SPECIES_CODE** — PIG / CAT (cattle) / SHE (sheep) / POU (poultry) / etc. - **PROCEDURE…
iglets19. In order to merge the databases, the appetite and nursing items were disregarded. Then, the total sum of the five behavioral items scores (0–15) were considered to assess pain. Statistical description All statistical procedures were performed in R language, using RStudio integrated development e nvironment49 (Version 4.2.2; RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA, USA). The functions and packages were presented in the format ‘package::function’. p-values were considered significant when p ≤ 0.05 in all tests. Figures were colored using a color palette distinguishable for common kinds of colorblindness (ggplot2::scale_colour_viridis_d). Scientific Reports | (2023) 13:21237 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48551-1 6 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Item Score Score/criterion Links to videos 0 Normal (any position, apparent comfort, relaxed muscles) or sleeping https://youtu.be/QSosCD2SD4E 1 Changes posture, with discomfort https://youtu.be/SpaWsFCrPxE Posture 2 Changes posture, with discomfort, and protects the affected area https://youtu.be/VjSlsRrG8yA 3 Quiet, tense, and back arched https://youtu.be/pm4hJ5163ao 0 Interacts with other animals; interested in the surroundings or sleeping https://youtu.be/-880STgYq2I 1 Only interacts if stimulated by other animals; interested in the surroundings https://youtu.be/nXjOdwn3dyw Interaction and interest in the surroundings Occasionally moves away from the other animals, but accepts approaches; shows little 2 https://youtu.be/2k2JDr5U6As interest in the surroundings Moves or runs away from other animals and does not allow approaches; disinterested 3 https://youtu.be/se70oYXcWFw in the surroundings 0
iglets19. In order to merge the databases, the appetite and nursing items were disregarded. Then, the total sum of the five behavioral items scores (0–15) were considered to assess pain. Statistical description All statistical procedures were performed in R language, using RStudio integrated development e nvironment49 (Version 4.2.2; RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA, USA). The functions and packages were presented in the format ‘package::function’. p-values were considered significant when p ≤ 0.05 in all tests. Figures were colored using a color palette distinguishable for common kinds of colorblindness (ggplot2::scale_colour_viridis_d). Scientific Reports | (2023) 13:21237 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48551-1 6 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Item Score Score/criterion Links to videos 0 Normal (any position, apparent comfort, relaxed muscles) or sleeping https://youtu.be/QSosCD2SD4E 1 Changes posture, with discomfort https://youtu.be/SpaWsFCrPxE Posture 2 Changes posture, with discomfort, and protects the affected area https://youtu.be/VjSlsRrG8yA 3 Quiet, tense, and back arched https://youtu.be/pm4hJ5163ao 0 Interacts with other animals; interested in the surroundings or sleeping https://youtu.be/-880STgYq2I 1 Only interacts if stimulated by other animals; interested in the surroundings https://youtu.be/nXjOdwn3dyw Interaction and interest in the surroundings Occasionally moves away from the other animals, but accepts approaches; shows little 2 https://youtu.be/2k2JDr5U6As interest in the surroundings Moves or runs away from other animals and does not allow approaches; disinterested 3 https://youtu.be/se70oYXcWFw in the surroundings 0
Kschonek et al. Porcine Health Management (2025) 11:12 Porcine Health Management https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00421-0 REVIEW Open Access Part I: understanding pain in pigs—basic knowledge about pain assessment, measures and therapy Julia Kschonek1*, Lara Twele2, Kathrin Deters3, Moana Miller4, Jennifer Reinmold3, Ilka Emmerich5, Isabel Hennig‑Pauka3, Nicole Kemper4, Lothar Kreienbrock1, Michael Wendt6, Sabine Kästner7 and Elisabeth grosse Beilage3 Abstract Background Pigs can suffer from pain due to spontaneously occurring diseases, wounds, injuries, trauma, and physi‑ ological conditions such as the farrowing process; however, this pain is often neglected. To increase knowledge and awareness about this phenomenon, the current article presents a scoping review of basic and new approaches for identifying, evaluating, and treating pain in pigs. Methods A scoping review was conducted with results from a search of the electronic database VetSearch and CABI. With regard to eligibility criteria, 49 out of 725 publications between 2015 and the end of March 2023 were included. The findings are narratively synthesized and reported orienting on the PRISMA ScR guideline. Results The results of this review showed that practitioners need to consider pain not only as a sign of a disease but also as a critical aspect of welfare. If both the symptoms of pain and the underlying reasons remain unassessed, the longevity and prosperity of pigs may be at risk. In this respect, veterinarians are obliged to know about intricacies of pain and pain mechanisms and to provide adequate treatment for their patients. Conclusion It is pivotal to increase knowledge about pain mechanisms, the reasons for heterogeneity in behav‑ ioural signs of pain, and methods for evaluating whether a
Kschonek et al. Porcine Health Management (2025) 11:12 Porcine Health Management https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00421-0 REVIEW Open Access Part I: understanding pain in pigs—basic knowledge about pain assessment, measures and therapy Julia Kschonek1*, Lara Twele2, Kathrin Deters3, Moana Miller4, Jennifer Reinmold3, Ilka Emmerich5, Isabel Hennig‑Pauka3, Nicole Kemper4, Lothar Kreienbrock1, Michael Wendt6, Sabine Kästner7 and Elisabeth grosse Beilage3 Abstract Background Pigs can suffer from pain due to spontaneously occurring diseases, wounds, injuries, trauma, and physi‑ ological conditions such as the farrowing process; however, this pain is often neglected. To increase knowledge and awareness about this phenomenon, the current article presents a scoping review of basic and new approaches for identifying, evaluating, and treating pain in pigs. Methods A scoping review was conducted with results from a search of the electronic database VetSearch and CABI. With regard to eligibility criteria, 49 out of 725 publications between 2015 and the end of March 2023 were included. The findings are narratively synthesized and reported orienting on the PRISMA ScR guideline. Results The results of this review showed that practitioners need to consider pain not only as a sign of a disease but also as a critical aspect of welfare. If both the symptoms of pain and the underlying reasons remain unassessed, the longevity and prosperity of pigs may be at risk. In this respect, veterinarians are obliged to know about intricacies of pain and pain mechanisms and to provide adequate treatment for their patients. Conclusion It is pivotal to increase knowledge about pain mechanisms, the reasons for heterogeneity in behav‑ ioural signs of pain, and methods for evaluating whether a
ualization: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Magdiel Lopez-Soriano, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Data curation: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Formal analysis: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva. Investigation: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Methodology: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Magdiel Lopez-Soriano, Monique Danielle Pairis- Garcia, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Project administration: Magdiel Lopez-Soriano. Supervision: Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Visualization: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Magdiel Lopez-Soriano, Monique Danielle Pairis- Garcia, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Writing – original draft: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Magdiel Lopez-Soriano, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. Writing – review & editing: Gustavo Venâncio da Silva, Magdiel Lopez-Soriano, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade. References 1. Robinson CL, Phung A, Dominguez M, Remotti E, Ricciardelli R, Momah DU, et al. Pain Scales: What Are They and What Do They Mean. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2024 Jan 1; 28(1):11–25. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11916-023-01195-2 PMID: 38060102 2. Tomacheuski RM, Monteiro BP, Evangelista MC, Luna SPL, Steagall PV. Measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals: A systematic review using the COSMIN checklist. PLoS One. 2023 Jan 20; 18(1):e0280830. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280830 PMID: 36662813 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Meat Market Review—Emerging trends and outlook 2022. 4. Bergen WG. Pigs (Sus Scrofa) in Biomedical Research. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022; 1354:335–43. https://