…The weight of the animals was measured using a professional electric scale with a hook (PCE-CS 500, Ziboni Technology S.r.l., Rogno (BG), Italy). Animals 2022,13, Animals2023, 12,407…
Rogno
Filters
…The weight of the animals was measured using a professional electric scale with a hook (PCE-CS 500, Ziboni Technology S.r.l., Rogno (BG), Italy). Animals 2022,13, Animals2023, 12,407…
the key to the future of The utilization and assessment of immunocastration vaccines in immunocastration vaccines. pigs has been extensively reported (34, 48, 75). However, there is currently no commercially available vaccine for chickens. Recently, only three studies have investigated the use of the GnRH vaccine for Author contributions immunizing roosters. Quaresma and colleagues evaluated the effects of Improvac on the body and bone development, meat color, and CW: drafting the manuscript. YZ and CY: provision of study composition of roosters, and found that the color parameters of materials. MZ: conceptualization and supervision. All authors Improvac birds, such as brightness, red, and hue angle, were between contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. roosters and capons (5). In addition, i.c. Antunes et al. found that immunocastration had little effect on the fatty acid profile of broilers, but improved overall lipid markers in breast and leg meat to some Funding extent, which could partially enable GnRH immunization (6). Previous studies have shown that both caponization and ovariectomy This research was supported by National Key Research and likely improve the meat quality of the breast muscle based on the Development Projects of China (2021YFD1600200). objective indices of IMF, appearance (color), texture, and minor change of the fatty acid profile; ovariectomy improves flavor-related indices (76). In our study, we found that roosters inoculated with Conflict of interest Improvac had some effect on muscle development, but the effect was not completely satisfactory (77, 78). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of
the key to the future of The utilization and assessment of immunocastration vaccines in immunocastration vaccines. pigs has been extensively reported (34, 48, 75). However, there is currently no commercially available vaccine for chickens. Recently, only three studies have investigated the use of the GnRH vaccine for Author contributions immunizing roosters. Quaresma and colleagues evaluated the effects of Improvac on the body and bone development, meat color, and CW: drafting the manuscript. YZ and CY: provision of study composition of roosters, and found that the color parameters of materials. MZ: conceptualization and supervision. All authors Improvac birds, such as brightness, red, and hue angle, were between contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. roosters and capons (5). In addition, i.c. Antunes et al. found that immunocastration had little effect on the fatty acid profile of broilers, but improved overall lipid markers in breast and leg meat to some Funding extent, which could partially enable GnRH immunization (6). Previous studies have shown that both caponization and ovariectomy This research was supported by National Key Research and likely improve the meat quality of the breast muscle based on the Development Projects of China (2021YFD1600200). objective indices of IMF, appearance (color), texture, and minor change of the fatty acid profile; ovariectomy improves flavor-related indices (76). In our study, we found that roosters inoculated with Conflict of interest Improvac had some effect on muscle development, but the effect was not completely satisfactory (77, 78). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of
st known place of business of the party to be served; or (iii) the registered office of any party to be served, and in the case of posting such notice will be deemed to have been served 2 Business Days after such notice has been posted; or (c) if sent by email to the last known email address of the party to be served and will be deemed to have been served on the date of confirmed receipt. 14.2 Business Day A Business Day means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday, public holiday or bank holiday in Sydney and if something is to be done on a day which is not a Business Day then that thing must be done on the next or following Business Day. 14.3 Governing Law and Jurisdiction This Deed is governed by and must be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New South Wales. The parties submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of that State and the Commonwealth of Australia in respect of all matters or things arising out of this Deed. 14.4 Entire Deed This Deed contains the entire understanding between the parties concerning the subject matter of this Deed and supersedes all prior communications between the parties. Each party acknowledges that, except as expressly stated in this Deed, it has not relied on any representation, warranty or undertaking of any kind made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Deed. 14.5 No Assignment A party cannot assign or otherwise transfer the benefit of this Deed without the prior written consent of the other party. 14.6 No Subcontracting The Company must not subcontract the performance of the Services without the prior written consent of the Client. 14.7 No Variation This Deed cannot be amended or varied except in writing signed by the parties. 14.8 Counterparts If this Deed
eting interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi .org/1 0.10 38/s41598- 025-91551-6. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.H.E.T. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/ /creativec ommo ns.org /licenses/
eting interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi .org/1 0.10 38/s41598- 025-91551-6. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.H.E.T. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/ /creativec ommo ns.org /licenses/
y, castration has traditionally been performed without anesthesia in the first week of life, although it has been scientifically shown that surgi- cal castration is a painful procedure [2,3]. Therefore, according to the German Animal Welfare Act, surgical castration of male piglets less than seven days of age without anesthesia will be forbidden in 2021 [4]. Gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)-vaccination, boar fattening and surgical castration under general anesthesia are discussed as alternatives to castration without anesthesia. German law also permits the application of local veterinary medicinal products that are able to eliminate pain [4]. However, scientific evidence for the efficacy of local anesthesia for pain relief during castration of piglets is still lacking. For this reason, the discussion about local anesthesia as a legal method in Germany has resurfaced. As pain sensitivity can differ among different individuals, it is challenging to prove univer- sal pain elimination as requested by German law. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” [5]. One component of pain is nociception, defined as “the neural process of encoding noxious stimuli” whereby “consequences of encod- ing may be autonomic (e.g., elevated blood pressure) or behavioral (motor withdrawal reflex or more complex nocifensive behavior)”. The four steps in the development of feeling pain are transduction, transmission, modulation and perception. Nociception mainly refers to the first three components, lacking the conscious awareness and emotional component but including all vegetative, glycemic
y, castration has traditionally been performed without anesthesia in the first week of life, although it has been scientifically shown that surgi- cal castration is a painful procedure [2,3]. Therefore, according to the German Animal Welfare Act, surgical castration of male piglets less than seven days of age without anesthesia will be forbidden in 2021 [4]. Gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)-vaccination, boar fattening and surgical castration under general anesthesia are discussed as alternatives to castration without anesthesia. German law also permits the application of local veterinary medicinal products that are able to eliminate pain [4]. However, scientific evidence for the efficacy of local anesthesia for pain relief during castration of piglets is still lacking. For this reason, the discussion about local anesthesia as a legal method in Germany has resurfaced. As pain sensitivity can differ among different individuals, it is challenging to prove univer- sal pain elimination as requested by German law. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” [5]. One component of pain is nociception, defined as “the neural process of encoding noxious stimuli” whereby “consequences of encod- ing may be autonomic (e.g., elevated blood pressure) or behavioral (motor withdrawal reflex or more complex nocifensive behavior)”. The four steps in the development of feeling pain are transduction, transmission, modulation and perception. Nociception mainly refers to the first three components, lacking the conscious awareness and emotional component but including all vegetative, glycemic
no or negligible analgesic properties, a nociceptive response was still present. We aimed to establish a depth of anaesthesia at which the nociceptive withdrawal reflex was still present. EEG and FOS expression were evaluated at two different locations in the nociceptive pathway: FOS expression was measured in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which is the first relay station in nociceptive transmission of peripheral stimuli, and pain-induced changes in cortical (electrical) activity were recorded using an EEG, representing the final stage of nociceptive signalling—the brain. EEG, a direct measure of brain electrical activity, enables the immediate assessment of possible pain-induced changes. However, the appropriate identification of EEG changes caused by noxious stimulation is difficult due to the heterogeneity of possible EEG re- sponses [6,7]. Numerous studies have evaluated changes in the EEGs of animals caused by noxious stimulation under general anaesthesia [8–16]. In piglets, EEG measurements have also been conducted to investigate the cortical responses to noxious stimulation. The results describe EEG changes following castration [17,18], exposure to other surgical stimuli [19–21] and innocuous noxious stimuli [22]. Some studies in animals have revealed reactions, while others failed to identify changes in EEG parameters following noxious surgical stimulation under general anaesthesia. All of these studies used processed EEG parameters, such as total power or spectral edge frequencies, derived from the EEG power spectrum to describe their findings. However, the mere use of these processed parameters complicates the ability to compare findings from different studies. Therefore, the general spectral EEG response to noxious stimulation is presented in a