Sus scrofa domesticus

…Evidence of Pain, Stress, and Fear of Humans During Tail Docking and the Next Four Weeks in Piglets (Sus scrofa domesticus). Front. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 462. [CrossRef] 25. Langhoff, R.R…

…Evidence of Pain, Stress, and Fear of Humans During Tail Docking and the Next Four Weeks in Piglets (Sus scrofa domesticus). Front. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 462. [CrossRef] 25. Langhoff, R.R…

…Electroencephalographic responses of anaesthetized pigs (Sus scrofa) to tail docking using clippers or cautery iron performed at 2 or 20 days of age. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2017, 44, 1156–1165. [CrossRef] 20…

…Electroencephalographic responses of anaesthetized pigs (Sus scrofa) to tail docking using clippers or cautery iron performed at 2 or 20 days of age. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2017, 44, 1156–1165. [CrossRef] 20…

…associations coele in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Comp Pathol. 2020;175:69–74. ​h​t​t​p​​s​:​/​​/​ between frequency of tail biting and other abnormal behaviours. Appl Anim d​o…

…associations coele in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Comp Pathol. 2020;175:69–74.

us) are raised worldwide for commercial or research p ­ urposes1,2. During their lifetime, 3,4 pigs are routinely submitted to painful p ­ rocedures , with castration commonly performed on most male pigs in commercial and research settings to improve meat quality and reduce the risk of injury associated with ­aggression5,6. Despite the immunocastration raising popularity in the global swine ­industry7, studies estimated that 61% of European male p ­ igs8 and up to 94 million male piglets in the United S­ tates9 are surgically castrated annually. In a production context, painful conditions such as surgical castration can decrease performance and result in poor weight ­gain10, while in experimental frameworks, pain experienced by the animal can add bias to the scientific research r­ esults11. Regardless of either scenario, the pig’s welfare is compromised thus presenting ­ ilemma11 that needs to be addressed both on-farm and in the ­laboratory4,12. an ethical and legal d Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”13. For humans, the gold-standard method for pain assessment is through self-reporting14, however, in non-verbal animals, such as swine, methods to assess pain vary and include deviations to the animal’s physiological (e.g. infrared t­ hermography15, ­cortisol16 and prostaglandin-217) and behavioral response to post-painful procedure (e.g. pain s­ cales18–21, time b ­ udget16,22–27, frequency of pain- associated behavioral e­ xpression16,24,27–29). Behavioral pain assessment is considered more favorable given it is non-intrusive, non-invasive, cost-effective, and easier to assess across diverse farm or laboratory s­

us) are raised worldwide for commercial or research p ­ urposes1,2. During their lifetime, 3,4 pigs are routinely submitted to painful p ­ rocedures , with castration commonly performed on most male pigs in commercial and research settings to improve meat quality and reduce the risk of injury associated with ­aggression5,6. Despite the immunocastration raising popularity in the global swine ­industry7, studies estimated that 61% of European male p ­ igs8 and up to 94 million male piglets in the United S­ tates9 are surgically castrated annually. In a production context, painful conditions such as surgical castration can decrease performance and result in poor weight ­gain10, while in experimental frameworks, pain experienced by the animal can add bias to the scientific research r­ esults11. Regardless of either scenario, the pig’s welfare is compromised thus presenting ­ ilemma11 that needs to be addressed both on-farm and in the ­laboratory4,12. an ethical and legal d Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”13. For humans, the gold-standard method for pain assessment is through self-reporting14, however, in non-verbal animals, such as swine, methods to assess pain vary and include deviations to the animal’s physiological (e.g. infrared t­ hermography15, ­cortisol16 and prostaglandin-217) and behavioral response to post-painful procedure (e.g. pain s­ cales18–21, time b ­ udget16,22–27, frequency of pain- associated behavioral e­ xpression16,24,27–29). Behavioral pain assessment is considered more favorable given it is non-intrusive, non-invasive, cost-effective, and easier to assess across diverse farm or laboratory s­

cing animals except and leg health in fattening pigs (Falke et al., 2018). The the broilers. Pigs can utilize a wide variety of feedstuffs viz. floors in modern pig pens often consist of concrete, which grains, forages, damaged feeds, and garbage and convert is harsh and abrasive for sensitive feet and legs. (Olsson them into valuable nutritious meat. Pigs are one of the most et al., 2016). Ulcerative skin lesions can develop in many prolific breeders with high fecundity and shorter generation regions, such as the limbs, tail, flank, udder, legs or ears by interval. They have high growth potential of reaching a hard floor and prolonged lying time (Kschonek et al., market weight at an early age under better management 2025). Heel bruising and main claw coronary band lesions conditions. Large White Yorkshire is a large sized and most were seen more frequently and at greater degrees severity extensively used exotic pig breed in India. Their body is in piglets kept on slatted plastic floors than in piglets kept solid white colored with erect ears, dished face and snout of on rubber mats with litter (Heimann et al., 2024). Pigs in medium length. An adult boar (male pig) weighs around 300 raised floors suffer from lameness and injuries while those to 400 kg and an adult sow weighs around 230 to 320 kg. Pig of deep floor suffer only from diarrhea (Tracy et al., 2018) farming requires a small investment on buildings, equipment In commercial pig production, pigs are mostly kept on a and for protection against diseases. Pigs are known for slatted, semi-slatted concrete or concrete floor. These floor their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage or types are advantageous in terms of durability, hygiene, and carcass yield ranges from 60 to 80%, which in comparison human

…Scale (Sus scrofa (135) domesticus) Rabbit Grimace Rabbits Ears become more tightly folded/curled in shape. They rotate from facing towards the source of sound to Keating et al. (134) Scale (Oryctolagus…