…advantages and disadvantages Terézia Hegerová, Peter Juhás* Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Department of Animal Husbandry, Slovakia Article Details: Received: 2020-07-07 | Accepted: 2020…
Terézia Hegerová
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…advantages and disadvantages Terézia Hegerová, Peter Juhás* Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Department of Animal Husbandry, Slovakia Article Details: Received: 2020-07-07 | Accepted: 2020…
itek, J.; Candek-Potokar, M.; Djekic, I.; Getya, A.; Guerrero, L.; Ivanova, S.; Kusec, G.; Nakov, D.; et al. Attitudes and beliefs of eastern european consumers towards animal welfare. Animals 2020, 10, 17. [CrossRef] [PubMed] © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
itek, J.; Candek-Potokar, M.; Djekic, I.; Getya, A.; Guerrero, L.; Ivanova, S.; Kusec, G.; Nakov, D.; et al. Attitudes and beliefs of eastern european consumers towards animal welfare. Animals 2020, 10, 17. [CrossRef] [PubMed] © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
med by field observations (Bertram et al., 2018). TS therapy to the most commonly used and available antimicrobial Cattle owners in Cameroon routinely manage the disease using a range therapy currently in use, parenteral oxytetracycline. If TS is proven of therapies, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory preparations and to be as efficacious for FMD in this current study as it appeared to be traditional formulations (Lendzele, Marvoungou et al., 2019). on first use in Laos as described (Windsor et al., 2020), it is likely that In the absence of strategic preventive control programmes, there the product could offer an important innovation for improving FMD are urgent needs for alternative FMD management options for en- lesion treatment, potentially globally, with reduced animal welfare demic FMD-infected countries, including Cameroon. With afford- burdens, risks of AMR issues and possibly, increased transboundary able and efficacious vaccine candidates for managing FMD unlikely disease reporting and surveillance. in the near future, the review and rationalizing of FMD therapies are advisable. Several topical treatments with ethno-veterinary and recognized veterinary pharmaceuticals have been examined in 2 | M ATE R I A L S A N D M E TH O DS FMD endemic settings in Africa (Al-Lethie et al., 2018; Fakhrul-Islam et al., 2016; Gakuya et al., 2011; Misk et al., 2015). However, the 2.1 | Ethics statement widespread use of parenteral antibiotics for FMD globally, including numerous countries in Africa and Cameroon in particular, presents In addition to adopting current procedures on animal and human eth- antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and potential food safety residue ics processes in Cameroon, this collaboration ensured compliance risks that need to be addressed. with the
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s (findings not described in this publication). and the appropriate applicator depending on body weight: piglets less than 2 kg body weight received a Preparation nociceptive measurements total of 0.4 mL TS or P in each wound cavity, heavier After the induction of anesthesia, the setup for animals 0.8 mL per side. After a waiting period of measurement devices and preparation for the exper- 30 seconds, both spermatic cords were severed indi- imental procedure was performed as previously vidually using an emasculator. This was followed by described in detail.21-23 All animals were assumed an application of TS/P to the wound edges (0.1 mL to experience similar stress from the basic experi- or 0.2 mL per side, respectively). mental setup. Piglets were placed in a supine posi- tion and fixated in this position with warm water Heart rate and blood pressure bottles that helped to maintain a physiological body measurements temperature. Twenty minutes before general anes- During the entire procedure systolic, diastolic, thesia local anesthetic cream (Emla®, AstraZeneca and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were GmbH) was applied to the skin of the jugular groove. recorded using the microtip catheter in the left Eye ointment (Bepanthen Augen- und Nasensalbe, carotid artery and heart rate (HR) by using an ECG. Bayer Vital GmbH) was administered, and cot- One minute before the “events” [(1) application of ton wool was placed in the external auditory canal vapocoolant, (2) skin incision, and (3) cutting of the to avoid the impact of background noises on mea- spermatic cords] mean baseline values of MAP and surement results. The local anesthetic Lidocaine HR were calculated. Subsequently, the maximum (lidocaine 2%, Bela-pharm Arzneimittelfabrik) deviation, as well as the
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apid reduction in dimensions of lesions than other groups. Farmer observations indicated the TS treatment group had a more rapid return to eating with cessation of excessive salivation, and more rapid return of mobility (walking) with absence of overt lameness. The findings indicate that although mortality is usually low in FMD outbreaks, the disease is a debilitating and painful disorder with negative animal welfare impacts that should be addressed. All farmers expressed their desire that the product be made available for use in their region and modelling indicates that TS therapy imposes no additional financial burden on farmers, with the treatment likely to be provided at a similar or reduced cost to current treatment choices. As use of antibiotics for treatment of a viral disease potentially increases pressures for development of antimicrobial resistance and residues in the food chain, TS as an alternative non-antimicrobial therapy should be promoted for wider use in FMD outbreaks. INTRODUCTION Cameroon, with a population of almost 28 million people, is located in central Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea. It is a key transit link, sharing borders with six countries: Nigeria, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo and Equatorial Guinea. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Cameroon is estimated at USD3,700 (CIA, 2017). The approximately 7.1 million cattle in Cameroon are susceptible to regular outbreaks from Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), and endemic disease in much of Africa. With no preventive control programs in place and no access to commercial FMD vaccination, farmers are focused on treatment choices for affected cattle, with antibiotics and/or traditional therapies commonly used and prolonged periods for animals to recover. FMD is a