androstenol

.R. Effect of Immunocastration on the Steroid Hormones Content, Serum Lipid Profile, and Fatty Acid Profile in Tissues of Porkers Fed Dry or Wet Diet. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 2022, 40, 171–184. 77. Tuz, R. Zapobieganie Wystepowaniu Zapachu Plciowego w Tuszach Niekastrowanych Chirurgicznie Knurkow. Zesz. Nauk. Akad. Rol. w Krakowie. Rozpr. 2008, 323, 1–86. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

…Indole, skatole, androstenol, and androsterone content in meat (ng/g). Groups Item p-Value C E1 E2 Undetectable - - - Average 43.7 ± 20.61 32.7 ± 20.21 33.0 ± 12.06 Indole…

gnificance as a male pheromone and is formed in parallel to the synthesis of anabolic testicular steroids in the Leydig cells. Skatole is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan with a fecal odor and is synthesized in the colon by microbial degradation. Boar carcasses can have higher skatole levels in adipose tissue than barrows or gilts because the hepatic degradation of skatole is reduced, due to lower activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A enzymes if concentrations of androstenone, testosterone or 17- β-estradiol are high (5, 6, 7, 8). A peculiarity of one boar taint compound is that about one third of the consumers is anosmic to androstenone whereas another third of consumers is highly sensitive and rejects pork with already low androstenone concentrations (9). Such a high variability in perception does not exist for the other compound, so skatole-tainted carcasses are refused by most consumers if the levels are high (10). Early castration avoids boar taint accumulation and also prevents undesirable male aggressive and sexual behavior during the fattening period. 3. What are the alternatives? There are currently three possible alternatives with practical relevance: surgical castration with anesthesia and or analgesia, raising entire males, and immunocastration. Castration with chemicals injected in the testes is too painful to be considered and sperm sorting for producing only males is not practically feasible at a large scale in the pig species (11, 12). During recent years in Western Europe, some kind of pain relief during and/or after surgery is increasingly used due to societal and market pressure. Since the 1960s, farmers have been raising entire males in the UK and Ireland. Castration was also abandoned in Spain and Portugal for mainstream standard pig production,

gnificance as a male pheromone and is formed in parallel to the synthesis of anabolic testicular steroids in the Leydig cells. Skatole is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan with a fecal odor and is synthesized in the colon by microbial degradation. Boar carcasses can have higher skatole levels in adipose tissue than barrows or gilts because the hepatic degradation of skatole is reduced, due to lower activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A enzymes if concentrations of androstenone, testosterone or 17- β-estradiol are high (5, 6, 7, 8). A peculiarity of one boar taint compound is that about one third of the consumers is anosmic to androstenone whereas another third of consumers is highly sensitive and rejects pork with already low androstenone concentrations (9). Such a high variability in perception does not exist for the other compound, so skatole-tainted carcasses are refused by most consumers if the levels are high (10). Early castration avoids boar taint accumulation and also prevents undesirable male aggressive and sexual behavior during the fattening period. 3. What are the alternatives? There are currently three possible alternatives with practical relevance: surgical castration with anesthesia and or analgesia, raising entire males, and immunocastration. Castration with chemicals injected in the testes is too painful to be considered and sperm sorting for producing only males is not practically feasible at a large scale in the pig species (11, 12). During recent years in Western Europe, some kind of pain relief during and/or after surgery is increasingly used due to societal and market pressure. Since the 1960s, farmers have been raising entire males in the UK and Ireland. Castration was also abandoned in Spain and Portugal for mainstream standard pig production,

with its synthesis regulated blood pressure. These conditions can lead to hypothermia by the luteinizing hormone (LH), during sexual maturity or even crushing by the sow. Another method harnessed and functions as a pheromone, influencing reproductive to alleviate pain during surgical castration is local anes- behaviors and indicating readiness for mating (Squires thesia, administered directly into the testes or spermatic et al., 2020). It is metabolized in the liver and testes and cord (Kluivers-Poodt, 2007). Lidocaine and procaine are then excreted in the urine. However, non-degraded andros- the most commonly used agents, with procaine being less tenone accumulates in the adipose tissue (Duarte et al., effective in some cases and the only approved local anes- 2021), and its odor is described as reminiscent of sweat, thetic for pigs in certain countries (Weiler and Bonneau, dirt, silage, and parsnip (Borrisser-Pairó et al., 2017). Ska- 2019). However, Skade et al. (2021) did not confirm its tole (3-methylindole) is produced in the large intestines of poorer efficacy in their study but observed that procaine pigs of both sexes upon tryptophan degradation by bacteria injections caused greater discomfort in piglets compared and accumulates in the adipose tissue if not degraded. Its to lidocaine injections. The efficacy of local anesthesia production depends on environmental factors, particularly also depends on the technique of administration and the diet and housing conditions, and, to a lesser extent, on ge- interval between injection and the procedure. Analgesic netic factors, and it is responsible for the fecal odor in pork drugs are commonly administered in addition to general (Duarte et al., 2021). Males cannot metabolize and elimi- and local anesthesia Meloxicam