castration with anesthesia or analgesia

…of local anesthesia in piglets undergoing castration without analgesia were larger than the responses to castration after lidocaine injection [8]. The use of subcutaneous and intratesticular procaine in combination with flunixin provided…

…of local anesthesia in piglets undergoing castration without analgesia were larger than the responses to castration after lidocaine injection [8]. The use of subcutaneous and intratesticular procaine in combination with flunixin provided…

…The majority of the EU member states are still carrying out surgical castration with or without anesthesia. The exceptions are Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, where 20% or…

…The majority of the EU member states are still carrying out surgical castration with or without anesthesia. The exceptions are Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, where 20% or…

…In addition, local niques identifiedininpart the3first was two combined parts with weresystemic analgesia. used [10–12]. Part 3 waslocal In addition, conducted on 60 piglets anesthesia in from 11 litters. In addition…

…The physiological and behavioral response of pigs castrated with and without anesthesia or analgesia. J Anim Sci 2012, 90, 2211-2221, doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4260. 25. Sutherland, M.A.; Davis…

…The physiological and behavioral response of pigs castrated with and without anesthesia or analgesia. J Anim Sci 2012, 90, 2211-2221, doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4260. 25. Sutherland, M.A.; Davis…

…Optimization of analgesia for piglet castration under isoflurane anaesthesia with parenteral butorphanol, meloxicam or intratesticular lidocaine. Schweiz Arch. Tierheilkd. 2018, 160, 461–467. [CrossRef] 24. Telles, F.G.; Luna, S.P.L…

…Optimization of analgesia for piglet castration under isoflurane anaesthesia with parenteral butorphanol, meloxicam or intratesticular lidocaine. Schweiz Arch. Tierheilkd. 2018, 160, 461–467. [CrossRef] 24. Telles, F.G.; Luna, S.P.L…

i.com/journal/animals Animals 2023, 13, 529 2 of 13 1. Introduction The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage” [1]. This definition is the same for all animal species and for humans, although the intensity and expression of pain can differ between species and between individuals of the same species, thus making an objective assessment difficult. Regarding pigs, even experts have difficulties in reliably recognizing pain [2]. However, proper assessment and elimination of pain are mandatory to comply with the requirements of the German Animal Welfare Act and to ensure that the wellbeing of the animals is not negatively affected. According to Article 1 Section 1, Clause 2, no one may inflict unjustified pain, suffering or injury on animals [3]. Therefore, as of 1 January 2021, castration for the purpose of preventing boar taint is only permitted with effective anesthesia in Germany. This regulation applies to about 20 million male piglets annually [4]. Because alternatives —such as boar fattening or immunocastration—do not yet prevail over surgical castration in Germany [5], evidence-based suitable methods of anesthesia that reliably reduce castration- induced pain must be applied. Currently, castration with local anesthesia is not allowed in Germany because its effectiveness in eliminating pain is still a matter of debate. Whereas humans are mostly able to evaluate and verbally communicate the intensity and quality of pain, veterinary medicine must rely on nonverbal pain parameters [6]. Op- tions for pain assessment in animals include the measurement of physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood