cornual nerve block

…This is the first time that these current formulations of topical anaesthetic have been investi- gated for use on wounds of dehorned calves and compared to a cornual nerve block for post…

…1st February 2018 scoop dehorning, was compared with a cornual nerve up until the 14 days prior to the study start date block applied prior to dehorning, and found no differ- were…

…The The calves were female replacement heifers raised preoperative injection of local anesthetics (cornual under commercial operational conditions. They were block; Weaver et

…The pre-procedural sub-cutaneous administration of a local anaesthetic to block neurotransmission of the cornual nerve, combined with the intravenous administration of a non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, often accompanied with…

…cornual nerve blocks given to all animals throughout the The TA formulation used previously and in this study, was experimental period. Repeated mechanical stimulation in modified from the original formulation designed for…

iginating from the caudal mesenteric ganglion, the testicular plexus runs together with the testicular artery and innervates the testis and epididymis [37]. The innervation of the scrotum originates from the nervi scrotales dorsales, which are end branches of the pudendal nerve, and the tunica vaginalis and the cremaster muscle are supplied by branches of the genitofemoral nerve [37]. CT imaging showed that the one-step F and two-step injection methods resulted in an even distribution within the scrotal skin, testicular sheath, testis and spermatic cord directly after injection. Although only the distribution of the contrast agent can be followed with CT, we presumed that the local anesthetic was distributed in a similar manner. This presumption is supported by Ranheim et al. [33], where intratesticularly applied radiolabeled lidocaine was rapidly transported into the spermatic cord and maximum enrichment was measured after three minutes. For better comparability, a 20 min waiting time before castration was used, based on our previous studies [19,20]. Faster times of onset of several minutes were reported for lidocaine and mepivacaine [38], which suggests that a shorter waiting period to perform castration may be sufficient. A shortening of the waiting period has been applied in other studies and may lead to more flexibility in the implementation of the method in practice [14]. The tunica albuginea is a fibrous tissue capsule that covers the testis and prevents the testicle from expanding [39]. This rough capsule limits intratesticularly injected fluids, and the resulting high pressure in the testicle pushes the fluid toward the spermatic cord [33]. The injection pressures achieved with both methods into the testis are comparable to intraneural or intradermal

caudally to its full length so that the distal opening and the distal lateral opening were positioned in the testicle and the proximal lateral opening was arranged in the subcutaneous tissue of the scrotum. A total of 0.6 mL of a local anesthetic was administered. Two-step method: Step (1) the needle was inserted for approximately three-fourths of its length and a volume of 0.4 mL of the local anesthetic was intratesticularly injected. Step (2) The needle was withdrawn, and a volume of 0.2 mL was evenly distributed over the injection canal. 2.9. Fos Protein Expression Ninety minutes after the castration was finished, the piglet was euthanized, and lum- bar and sacral segments of the spinal cord were carefully removed from the vertebral canal. Using the vertebrae as landmarks, the spinal cord was divided into lumbar (L1, L2, L3) and sacral (S1–S3) spinal cord segments, fixed in 38% (w/w) neutral buffered formaldehyde for at least 48 h and embedded in paraffin (Leica ASP300S, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Cross sections (2 µm) were produced starting from the cranial cut surface. Serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin using a standard protocol. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate Fos protein expression (anti-c-Fos antibody, ab209794, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, diluted in antibody diluent 1:100) using a Leica Bond RXm system. Briefly, after deparaffinization, epitope retrieval 1 was performed using citrate buffer (pH 6) for 30 min. For primary antibody binding detection and visualization, a Polymer Refine Detec- tion kit with 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and no secondary antibody was used. Slides were digitized using a Leica AT2 scanning system. The spinal dorsal horn was identified as the gray matter dorsal to a line drawn from the central canal