…by increasing HRV due to the prolonged RR interval. However, SDHR and SDRR increased in all groups. Burton et al. [65] observed a temporary increase in the heart rate (7.0 ± 2…
heart rate variability (HRV)
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. Clement, C.I.; Keay, K.A.; Owler, B.K.; Bandler, R. Common patterns of increased and decreased fos expression in midbrain and pons evoked by noxious deep somatic and noxious visceral manipulations in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 366, 495–515. [CrossRef] 63. Haga, H.A.; Lykkjen, S.; Revold, T.; Ranheim, B. Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2006, 67, 403–408. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 64. van Lieshout, J.J.; Wieling, W.; Karemaker, J.M.; Eckberg, D.L. The vasovagal response. Clin. Sci. 1991, 81, 575–586. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 65. Burton, A.R.; Birznieks, I.; Bolton, P.S.; Henderson, L.A.; Macefield, V.G. Effects of deep and superficial experimentally induced acute pain on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in human subjects. J. Physiol. 2009, 587, 183–193. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Animals 2022, 12, 2833 24 of 24 66. Raue, J.F.; Tarvainen, M.P.; Kastner, S.B.R. Experimental study on the effects of isoflurane with and without remifentanil or dexmedetomidine on heart rate variability before and after nociceptive stimulation at different MAC multiples in cats. BMC Vet. Res. 2019, 15, 258. [CrossRef] 67. Levy, M.N. Neural control of cardiac function. Bailliere’s Clin. Neurol. 1997, 6, 227–244.