nonverbal cues

…Thus, Regardless of the differences between species, in animals such as considering the animal’s nonverbal communication cues are essential dogs, cats, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats, the modification of the…

…Thus, Regardless of the differences between species, in animals such as considering the animal’s nonverbal communication cues are essential dogs, cats, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats, the modification of the…

…the testing apparatus or testing cues with impending Finally, it is important to consider the difference noxious stimuli.20,21 The advantages of the wireless between pressure and force. Pressure equates to…

nonverbal pain parameters [6]. Op- tions for pain assessment in animals include the measurement of physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure or various blood parameters (e.g., catecholamines or cortisol…

nonverbal pain parameters [6]. Op- tions for pain assessment in animals include the measurement of physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure or various blood parameters (e.g., catecholamines or cortisol…

…or evolutionary pressures that shaped how strongly different organisms are motivated to act on affective cues. At present, however, scientific knowledge on interspecific differences in hedonic capacity is limited and inconclusive. While…

…The recording period commenced 30 s following PRODUCTION ANIMALS treatment application to the castration wound, which was marked Investigational veterinary product and placebo products were admin- with a verbal cue, and finished…

pen walls. Playing Head shaking, springing (sudden jumping or leaping), running with vertical and horizontal bouncy movements. It can involve partners (gentle nudging or pushing, mounting, chasing). Aggression Forceful fighting, pushing with the head, or violently biting littermates. Walking Slowly moving forward with one leg at a time. Running Trot or gallop without a sudden change in direction or speed. Awake inactive No special activity but awake. Lying, sitting, or standing. Sleeping Lying down, eyes closed. Pain behavior Prostrate Awake, sitting or standing motionless, with the head down, lower than shoulder level. Huddled up Lying with at least three legs tucked under the body. Stiffness Lying with extended and tensed legs. Trembling Shivering as with cold. The animal may be lying, sitting, or standing. Spasms Quick and involuntary contractions of the muscles under the skin Scratching Scratching the rump by rubbing it against the floor or the pen walls. Tail wagging Tail’s movements from side to side or up and down. Postures Lateral lying Motionless; body weight supported by side. Shoulder in contact with the floor. Ventral lying Motionless; body weight supported by belly. Sternum in contact with the floor. Sitting Motionless; body weight supported by hind-quarters and front legs. Standing Motionless; body weight supported by the four legs. Kneeling Motionless; body weight supported by front carpal joints and hind legs. Location Udder Close to (<10 cm) or in contact with the udder. Sow’s back Close to (<10 cm) or in contact with sow’s back. Heat mat On the heat mat. Social cohesion Isolated Aside from other piglets, alone or with one pen-mate at the most. A distance of at least 40 cm (about the width of two piglets) separates the animal from the closest