e commer of orf virus. This was followed by a similar sampling of cial MagMAX™ Pathogen RNA/DNA kit (Thermo Fisher the lesions on days 1 (T1), 3 (T2) and 5 (T3) post- Scientific) and the automated magnetic particle processor treatment of all the lesions observed on the lambs. KingFisher Flex System (Thermo Fisher Scientific), fol Samples of 3mL of whole blood were also collected lowing the manufacturer’s instructions. Extracted DNA from the jugular vein through a vacutainer system into samples were stored at −80°C until end of sampling in EDTA tubes to perform haematology in all the animals order to evaluate all of them in a single run of real-time prior to (T0) and ten days (T4) following treatment, PCR quantification. Orf virus detection was performed For personal use only. respectively. using the commercial qPCR kit EXOone Contagious Ecthyma (Exopol, Spain) which targets the BL2 gene Treatment Application that encodes a major envelope viral antigen. The kit con Following confirmation of the presence of orf virus in the tains a quantified synthetic positive control, and also an lesions, a single spray of 1.5mL of TS was applied liber endogenous control to avoid false-negative results. ally with a spray gun to all orf lesions in Group A lambs, Amplification was performed on a FAST 7500 cycler with the Group B lambs remaining untreated. (Applied Biosystems), and a cut-off value for positive samples was established at cycle quantification (Cq) Clinical Progression values lower than 38. Clinical examination of all lambs was performed by obser vers blinded to treatment. This occurred daily for 11 days Virus Culture to determine the clinical progression of the lesions, with Sterile swabs collected at T0, T1, T2 and T3 were submitted data collected on the
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2016 topical anaesthetic gel (DTAG, n = 9); and (4) sham dehorning (CON, n = 9). Sensitivity was Published: September 20, 2016 assessed by scoring the behavioural response of calves to stimulation of the wound or skin at time points before and after treatment. In Trial 1, DTAP calves had a greater probability of Copyright: © 2016 McCarthy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the displaying more severe responses than DTAE calves at 90 and 180 min (P < 0.001). In Trial Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits 2, at 1 h, DTAG calves had a greater probability of displaying more severe responses than unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any CON calves. At 2 h onwards, all dehorned calves had a greater probability of displaying medium, provided the original author and source are more severe responses than CON calves (P < 0.001). There were no differences between credited. the responses of DCB, DTAG and DTAE calves at any time point. Topical anaesthetic for- Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are mulations result in almost immediate but temporary anaesthesia of the wound following within the paper and its Supporting Information files. scoop dehorning in calves and may provide a practical option for pain relief on-farm. Funding: This work was funded by Meat and Livestock Australia (http://www.mla.com.au/Home). The grant number for this funding is P.PSH.0654. Topical anaesthetic products were supplied by Bayer Animal Health Australia (https://www.bayer.com.au/ en/about/profile-and-organisation/animal-health/). Introduction Meat and Livestock Australia and Bayer Animal Dehorning of cattle is painful, yet remains a commonly performed procedure in horned Health Australia had no role in study design, data
days cattle continued to salivate in response to the presence of oral lesions; Moore- Tri- • number of days cattle displayed lameness, reflecting the likely Variable Oxy® Solfen® Control Overall progress in healing of painful foot lesions; and Average age (year) 3.7 4 3.3 3.7 • number of days required for cattle to return to grazing on pasture. Age range (year) 2 to 5 2 to 8 2 to 5 2 to 8 Breed count Goudali 9 9 10 28 2.5 | Treatment cost model Holstein 1 1 1 3 White Fulani 1 2 1 4 The costs of treatments were estimated and used to develop a cost- Red Fulani 1 0 0 1 benefit model enabling comparison of therapies that could assist de- Total 12 12 12 36 cisions for both individual farmers and public health policy makers on FMD outbreak management. 2.3 | Treatment applications 2.6 | Statistical analyses The clinical treatment trial was conducted with animals displaying ‘fresh’ oral and coronary band FMD lesions, observed as intact vesi- 2.6.1 | Ordinal scale analysis cles or recently ruptured vesicles. Of the 12 farmers enrolled into the 15-day treatment trial with three matched-cattle, each received Both the lesion healing scores and the appetite scores were recorded on a different treatment, with the age and breed of the cattle recruited a four-point ordinal scale, not a quantitative scale, so appropriate ordi- into each treatment group presented (Table 1). nal categorical methods were required for this analysis (Agresti, 2002). Animals treated with TS had all lesions liberally sprayed with a single In addition, walking was also modelled on a three-point ordinal scale: topical application of up to 2 ml of the product, as per label instructions. (1: immobile; 2: walking with difficulty; 3: walking normally). An ordi- Animals treated with MO received
…O’Connor, A.; Anthony, R.; Bergamasco, L.; Coetzee, J.; Gould, S.; Johnson, A.K.; Karriker, L.A.; Marchant-Forde, J.N.; Martineau, G.S.; McKean, J.; et al. Pain management in the…
…O’Connor, A.; Anthony, R.; Bergamasco, L.; Coetzee, J.; Gould, S.; Johnson, A.K.; Karriker, L.A.; Marchant-Forde, J.N.; Martineau, G.S.; McKean, J.; et al. Pain management in the…
…O’Connor, A.; Anthony, R.; Bergamasco, L.; Coetzee, J.; Gould, S.; Johnson, A.K.; Karriker, L.A.; Marchant-Forde, J.N.; Martineau, G.S.; McKean, J.; et al. Pain management in the…
population data (5, 6) in bushfire-affected regions of NSW and Victoria Research Team and Reflexivity indicate that there were 3.6 million cattle and 21 million sheep Three authors (BC, MW and MB-T) developed the semi- in bushfire-affected regions, although many would not have been structured interview guide independently of other authors close to fire within those regions because of the coarse scale of (see Supplementary Material). The interviews were conducted the population data (BC, unpublished data). The local impact by the lead author (BC). The analyses were first conducted on some individual farmers was very high. For example, in a by BC with subsequent assistance and commentary from all recent case control study, some farms suffered an impact of up co-authors. BC is a male veterinary epidemiologist (PhD, to $2 million (AUD) and deaths of all livestock on a farm (BC, FANZCVS) and beef producer who was from a bushfire affected unpublished data). farm. MB-T is a female medical epidemiologist (PhD) who Bushfires (wildfires) are increasing in frequency globally, has extensive experience in qualitative and mixed methods especially as a result of longer fire seasons in temperate or boreal epidemiology and strategically assisted in the project to ensure regions (7, 8). Little research has been conducted on the impacts methodologies were well-implemented. MW is a male veterinary of bushfires on livestock in any part of the world. For example, epidemiologist (Ph.D., FANZCVS) and has used qualitative a systematic literature review by co-authors (BC, AH and CP) methods in veterinary epidemiology for several years. revealed barely a dozen publications, mostly case studies in The interviewer (BC) established a new professional Australia (9–22). More specific published
…O’Connor, A.M.; Anthony, R.; Bergamasco, L.; Coetzee, H.; Gould, S.; Johnson, A.K.; Karriker, L.A.; Marchant-Forde, J.N.; Martineau, G.S.; McKean, J.; et al. Pain management in…
…O’Connor, A.M.; Anthony, R.; Bergamasco, L.; Coetzee, H.; Gould, S.; Johnson, A.K.; Karriker, L.A.; Marchant-Forde, J.N.; Martineau, G.S.; McKean, J.; et al. Pain management in…
eting interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi .org/1 0.10 38/s41598- 025-91551-6. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.H.E.T. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:/ /creativec ommo ns.org /licenses/